英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案.docx
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英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案
Book1Unit1
1.WhatwastheBritishEmpire?
Whatdoyouknowaboutit?
Inwhatwayisthe“Empire”stillfeltinBritainandintheinternationalfield?
TheBritishEmpirecomprisedthedominions,colonies,protectorates,mandates,andotherterritoriesruledoradministeredbytheUnitedKingdom,thathadoriginatedwiththeoverseascoloniesandtradingpostsestablishedbyEnglandinthelate16thandearly17thcenturies.
Intheinternationalfield,Britainhasgreatvoiceinpolitics,economyandcultureandsoon.
2.
WhyimpossibletosumupBritishpeoplewithafewsimplephrases:
TheUKismadeupofdifferentelements.Itincludes4partswithintheonenation-state.Itisnowamultiracialsocietywithdifferentreligionbelieves.Itisdividedeconomicallyanditisasocietywithaclass-structure.Andwithineachofthefourcountriestherearedifferentregions.Sincethiscountrywassocomplicatedbothinhistoryorhumanity,itisimpossibletosumuptheirpeople.
3.
Ahistoryofinvasions:
（1）Beforethe1stcenturyADBritainwasmadeupoftribalkindomsofCelticpeople.TheybroughtthecentralEuropenculturetoBritain.Thenin43AD,RomanEmpireinvadedBritainandcontrolleditforslavesocietybutalsodisseminatedtheirCatholicism.
（2）However,inthe5thcentury,theRomanEmpirerapidlywanedinpowerandBritainwasconqueredbytheAnglesandtheSaxons.InordertodefendtheSaxons,agreatleader—KingArthurappeared.Hecreatedthe"roundtable"tosatisfyalltheknights'requirementofhavingequalprecedence.ThusitgraduallyformedthemonarchyinBritainasamoredemocraticsystem.WhetherArthur'sarealpersoninthehistoryornot,Anglo-SaxonsdidsucceedininvadingBritainandtheyweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.（3）Inthe8thcentury,theVikingsfromDenmarkcontrolledthenothernandeasternEngland.AAnglo-Saxonherio,kingAlfredtheGreatfoughtagainstthevikingswiththetrulyEnglish.Andthat'swhythere'sacertainculturaldifferencebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland（4）Later,theNomansfromnorthernFrance,undertheleadingofWilliamofNormandy,killedthekingandWilliambecametheFristofEngland.TheyimportedarullingclassthatFrench-speakingNormanaristocracyrulledSaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulation.Inthiscondition,thereweren'talotofrebellionsamongtheEnglishpeople.ThatdirectlyformedanEnglishuniquecharacter:
arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.Eventoday,wecanstillfindthispersonalityfromtheBritishpeoplethroughtheirlifestyles.
Howdidtheyinfluenceculture:
[接着上边一起看]
（2）alotofstoriesofKingArthur,whichbroughtalotofsingers,poets,novelistsandfilmmakers.Placesassociatedwithhislegend.RoundtablewasweenasanindicatorofthewayinwhichtheEnglishhavewishedtoseetheirmonarchassomethingotherthanaremotedictator.（3）anglo-saxoninvadersweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.ByVikings'settlementstheEnlishheroesweretrulyEnglish.Thereremainstothisdayacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinengland.（4）NormanaristocracyrulingalargelySaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulation.thelegendofRobinHood.
4.
GeneralcharacteristicofScotland:
Scotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Itisalsothemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUKithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.
（1）rugged.
（2）notconqueredbytheRomans（3）maintainitsseparatepoliticalidentityformorethanahundredyears.（4）eagerforindependence.
HowScotlandbecamepartoftheunionofGreatBritain:
in1707byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.In1745therewasabrutalmilitaryresponsefromtheBritisharmy.TherebelarmywasdestroyedatthebattleofCullodeninnorthernScotland.
5.
DescribeWalesandtheunificationwithBritain:
（1）waleswasanimportantelementinBritain'sindustrialrevolution,asithadrichcoaldeposits.Itissuccessfulinattractinginvestmentfromabroad.WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.
（2）WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.In1536,waleswasbroughtlegally,administratively,andpoliticallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishparliament.Thiscloselong-standingrelationshipmeansthatmodernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses---itslegalsystemanditseducationsystemareexactlythesameasinEngland.
6.
DifferencesbetweenEngland,ScotlandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition:
[书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较]
（1）Englishcharacter:
arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.Butyoungpeoplearenotallstereotypes.Butitiscertainlytruethatthelifelessfrontsofmanyenglishhousesconcealbeautifulbackgardens.
（2）ThedreamofanindependentScotlandhasnotvanished.Theyarealwayseagerforfreedom.Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience."SuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity."SomepeoplespeakGaelic.（3）Walesisdifferent,andoneofthekeymarkersofthatdiffeneceistheWelshlanguage--theoldBritishCeltictonguewhichisstillindailyuse.ModernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses.（itslegalsystemandeducationsystemareexactlythesameasinEngland）
Unit2
1.
WhyisNorthernIrelandsosignificantintheUK:
ThoughNorthernIrelandissmallitissignificantbecauseofthepoliticaltroublesthere.
Itspoliticalproblem:
TheproblemisinNorthernIrelandin1921insouthernIrelandindependencefromBritain,IrelandNorthandSouthfollowingtheseparationofissuesleftoverbyhistory,mixeditwithhistorical,political,ethnicandreligiousconflicts,extremelycomplex.Ireland’sindependence,toremainunderBritishrulewithintheframeworkofthe6inthenorthernislandofIrelandresidentsofthepro-BritishProtestantmajority（about51%）,theCatholicnationalistminority（about38%）,asaresultofthetwomajorforcesinNorthernIrelandOnthecontrarypositionofownershipandleadtoconfrontation,conflict.[因为发现实在太难sumup了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]NorthernIrelandwasformanyyearsthesiteofaviolentandbitterethno-politicalconflict—theTroubles—whichwascausedbydivisionsbetweennationalists,whoarepredominantlyRomanCatholic,andunionists,whoarepredominantlyProtestant.UnionistswantNorthernIrelandtoremainasapartoftheUnitedKingdom,[6]whilenationalistswishforittobepoliticallyreunitedwiththerestofIreland,independentofBritishrule.[网络其它版本]Until1921thefullnameoftheUKwas"TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland",notonly"NorthernIreland",becausethewholeislandofIrelandwaspoliticallyintegratedwithGreatBritain,andhadbeensince1801,whileBritain'sdominationoftheIrishdatedbackcenturiesevenbeforethatdate.ButIrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstatewereneverlost,andoneofthekeyissuesinlatenineteenthcenturyBritishpoliticswasacampaigninparliamentforwhatwascalled"home-rule"—IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs.TheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.
2.
FactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIrelandtoday:
Alongwiththepoliticalcampaignforhome-rulethereweregroupswhofollowedamoredirectmethodofpursuingIrishindependence,engaginginguerillaorterroristactivitiesagainstBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces.DuringtheFirstWorldWarandimmediatelyafter,thisactivityincreased,sometimesbrutallysuppressedbyBritishforces.
3.
SumupsolutionstoNI'spoliticalproblemsofdifferentpartiesandgroupsintheUK:
MargaretThatcher'sgovernmentdidnotgiveintothisdemandforpoliticalstatusand11prisonersstarvedtodeath.ThiseventrevitalisedthepoliticalcampaignofSinnFein,thelegalpoliticalpartywhichsupportstheIRA'srighttofight.ItsleadersspokeofatwincampaignforunionwithIreland,bothpoliticalandmilitary,whichtheycalledthepolicyof"TheBulletandtheBallotBox".
4.
WhatdoyouthinkshouldbetherightsolutiontothepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland:
IthinktheycanasktheUNforhelp./Keepthepresentstatus.Turntoothercountriesforhelp.[自由发挥啦]
Unit3
1.
CharacteristicsoftheBritishconstitutionalmonarchy:
ThemonarchofthecountryhaslimitedrightsbecauseofBillofRight.Forexample,whiletheofficialheadofstateisthequeen,herpowersarelargelytraditionalandsymbolic.ThegovernmentatnationalandlocallevelsiselectedbythepeopleandgovernsaccordingtoBritishconstitutionalprinciples.
HowtheEnglishmonarchyevolvedtopresentconstitutionalmonarchy:
Originallythepowerofthemonarchwaslargelyderivedfromtheancientdoctrineofthe"divinerightofkings".ForathousandyearsBritainhashadahereditarykingorqueenastheheadofthestate.WhiletheKingintheoryhadGodonhisside,inpracticeeveninmedievaltimesitwasthoughtthatheshouldnotexerciseabsolutepower.Ki
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