企业文化建设外文翻译文献.docx
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企业文化建设外文翻译文献
企业文化建设外文翻译文献
(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
原文:
Enterpriseculture:
necessaryinpromotingenterprise
StevenCarter
ThepaperinvestigatestheeffectsoftheZimbabweannationalcultureonenterprisedevelopment.In-depthinterviewswerecarriedoutwithfifteenentrepreneursandsevenmembersofthecommunitywhoserolewastosupportentrepreneurs.Itwasestablishedthatthenationalcultureimpededenterprisedevelopmentandthefactorsidentifiedare:
baddebtculture,let's-pull-him-downsyndrome,dependencysyndrome,highliving,andabsenceofrolemodels,refusaltoacceptentrepreneurship,employingrelativesandpoorqualitygoodsandservices.Topromoteenterprisedevelopment,countriesneedtoidentifyfactorsthatmakeupthenationalculture.Thepaperalsoidentifiesthedesiredenterpriseculture.
INTRODUCTION
Earlierresearchonenterprisedevelopmentmainlyfocusedonthepersonalcharacteristics/traitsoftheindividual,suchastheneedforachievement,locusofcontrol,theabilitytotakerisk,etc(McClelland,1962;McClellandandWinter,1969;Bellu,1988;Rotter,1966).Curran(1994)arguedthattraitsalonewereinadequatetoexplainentrepreneurship,andsomefoundnodirectlinkbetweentraitsandentrepreneurialbehaviour(Bird,1988;Guth,2001).Hence,furtherresearchmovedontoconsideringtheenvironmentalfactors(political,cultural,economic,regulationsand
policies)thataffectenterprisedevelopment.Itwasarguedthatcountriesdesiringtopromoteenterprisedevelopmentneedtoaddresstheseenvironmentalfactors(Telantino,1995;UNCTAD,1995;Gnyawaii,1994;Bird,1989;Chell,1985;Vaselainen,1999).
Enterprisedevelopmenthasbeenviewedasameansofreducingunemployment,easingothersocialproblemsandasthebestwayofcreatingwealthinacountry(Nolan,2003;Storey,2000).Asaresultoftheabovereasons,bothdevelopinganddevelopedcountrieshaveembracedenterprisedevelopment.
Likemanyothercountries,Zimbabwehasrunenterprisedevelopmentprogrammes,createdandadoptedpoliciesaimedatcreatingaconduciveenvironmentforenterprisedevelopment.Unfortunately,theeffortstopromoteenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwehavenotbeensuccessful(Mlambo,2000;UNDP,2000).
ThepaperexploresthefactorsthatmakeuptheZimbabweannationalculturerelatingtoenterprisedevelopment.Italsoestablishestheeffectsthatthesefactorshavehadonenterprisedevelopment.
LITERATUREREVIEW
Cultureisdefinedasasetofhistoricallyevolved,learnedvalues,attitudesandmeaningssharedbythemembersofagivencommunity,thatinlluencetheirmaterialandnon-materialwayoflife(Tayeb,1988).Theseevolvethroughdifferentstagesofsocialisation,throughinstitutionslikefamily,religion,formaleducationetc.Itwasfurtherassertedthatdifferentculturesinfluenceenterprisedevelopmentdifferently(Hofstede,1991).Furthermore,othersbelievethatthenationalcultureshouldbeincludedwhendiscussingenterprisedevelopmentofthecountry(Wortzel,1997;Morrison,2000).Forexample,itwasbelievedthatenterprisedevelopmentsuccessinUSAwasasaresultofitsculturethatpromotesindividualism(DePilliseta/,1998;Wong,2001),whilefailureofenterprisedevelopmentinIrelandwasasaresultofaculturethatpromotesconformitytothestatusquo(DePillis,1998).InIndia,enterprisedevelopmentencounteredproblemsduetoaculturethatpromotedspiritualharmonyandacceptanceofdestiny(Dana,2000).Similarly,entrepreneurshiphasnotsucceededincountrieswhereithasabadimage,whereentrepreneursareviewedasgreedy,unkind,thieves,exploitersofpeopleetc(JoyantandWarner,1996;Morrison,2000;Bateman,1997).Ontheotherhand,entenrisedevelopmentsucceedsinanationthatembracesit,whereitisviewedasanoblewayoflifeandespeciallywherefailureisnotdemonisedbythesociety(Morrison,2000;Wong2001;DePillis,1998;Nolan,2003).Enterprisesuccesshasalsobeenrecordedincountrieswheretherearerolemodelswhowouldinspireothers(DePillis,1998).Rolemodelscanevenbemembersofone'simmediateorextendedfamily(Gibb,1996).Therefore,countriescanattempttopromoteenterprisedevelopmentbyacceptingandelevatingthesocietalrolemodelsandraisingthepracticalsupportgiventoentrepreneurs(Raynolds,1991;Specht,1993).
Entrepreneurswhoenjoy'high-living'attheexpenseoftheirenterpriseshavedifficultiesinsucceeding(Spring,1998).Inbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,somegraduatesdislikebeingassociatedwithworkingforSmalltoMediumEnterprises(SMEs)andself-employment.ThismakesitdifficultforsomecountriestopromoteenterpriseasitisnotacceptedbytheverypeoplewhohavethebestcapacitytosucceedasbusinesspeopleandMorrison(2000)arguesthatformaleducationsystemistobeblamedforproducingconformistsandnotentrepreneurs.Toaddressthis,Stevenson(1996)arguesthatentrepreneurshipshouldbetaughtfromayoungage,inschoolsandcolleges.
Meyanathan(1994)demonstratedthedifficultiesinpromotingenterpriseinacountrythatfavoursacertaingroupofpeopleoverothers;becausetheonesfavouredwilldevelopasenseofentitlement,whilsttheneglectedresenttheentiresystem.
Literatureresearchedhasdiscusseddifferentaspectsofculturethathaveaffectedenterprisedevelopment,buttherehasnotbeenacomprehensivecatalogueofthesefactorsthatmakeupanationalculturerelatingtoenterprisedevelopment.Hence,thispaperexploresthefactorsthatmakeupthenationalculture,and,inparticular,thoserelatingtoenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe.
RESEARCHMETHOD
ThepaperseekstoexploreandexplaintheculturalfactorsthathavenegativelyaffectedenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe.Thereisneedtoanswerthequestions,whatarethenationalculturalfactorsthathaveaffectedenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe,howhavetheyaffecteditandwhy?
Hence,aninterpretiveapproachwasadopted(Carson,2001).Withininterpretivism,aqualitativeresearchapproachwasused.Thisapproachallowstheinclusionoftacitknowledgeandexperienceoftheresearcherthroughouttheresearchprocess.Basedonthequalitativeresearchmethod,non-probabilistic(purposeful)samplingwascarriedout,wheretherespondentspointedtheresearchertothenextrespondent(Remenyi,2001).Thisiscalledsnowballing.
Thesamplewasmadeupoftwenty-tworespondents(elites).Allrespondentswere'elites'chosenfortheirexpertknowledge(Remenyi,1998;LincolnandGuba,1990)ofenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe.Amongthemwerefifteenentrepreneursandsevenrespondentswhoseoccupationsoractivitiessupportedentrepreneurs.Thepurposeforsamplingtheotherseven'elites'wastriangulation(Remenyi,1998;LincolnandGuba1990;Carson2001).Therewasneededtogetadifferentviewfromthatofentrepreneurs,thatis,thosewhosupportedtheworkof
entrepreneurs(fromfinancialorganisations,developmentandtrainingorganisationsandthegovernment).Theserespondentshadsupportedentrepreneursthroughfinancing,trainingetc.foratleastsixyears.Allentrepreneursinterviewedwerebusinesspeoplewhohadstartedandmanagedtheirenterprisesformorethansixyears.
Consistentwiththisresearchapproach,face-to-facein-depthinterviewswerecarriedoutusinganinterviewguide.Theinterviewguidewasbasedonthethemesthathadbeenobtainedfromliteratureandneededfurtherexploration.RespondentswereaskedtoidentifyanddiscussallfactorstheybelievedhadnegativelyaffectedenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe.
Thecollecteddatawasanalysedusingthethematicanalysis,asdescribedbyMilesandHuberman(1994),andWengraf(2001).Theresearchwasconductedintwophases.Theinitialphaseculminatedinestablishingalistofculturalfactorsthathaveaffectedenterprisedevelopment.Afterthefirstroundofinterviewswiththe22respondents,theirresponseswereanalysed.Theresultswerethensubjectedtofurtherscrutinybyninerespondentswhohadtakenpartinthefirstroundofinterviews,andwhowerehencefamiliarwiththisresearchandconsideredabletoprovidethesoundscrutiny.Furthermore,aprogrammethatwasestablishedtopromoteenterprisedevelopmentwasalsoevaluatedasawayoftriangulation.Itwasawaytofindiftherewasanyconvergenceontheculturalfactorsmentionedbytheentrepreneursashavingnegativelyaffectedenterprisedevelopmentandthosethathadaffectedtheprogramme.Therefore,thesecondroundofinterviewsandanevaluationoftheenterprisedevelopingprogrammeweretoprovidefurtherverification,awayofimprovingtrustworthinessandrigour.
Theresearchmethodologyadoptedallowstheresearchertousetacitknowledgeandexperiencethroughouttheprocess;hencetherewillbeinstances(inpresentingthefindings)wheresomeassertionsarenotsourced,butareattributedtotheresearchers'knowledgeandexperienceofZimbabwe.Consistentwiththeresearchmethod,inpresentingfindingsofthisresearch,asummaryoftherespondents'viewsisprovidedandtoemphasisethispositionsomequotationsareincludedinthetextandasampleofotherscanbefoundin.
Onerespondentsaid:
remember,ourculturedoesnotnecessarilypromotepeoplewhosucceed.Successisnotverymuchpartofourculture.
Fromtherespondents'pointofview,oneofthereasonswhyenterprisedevelopmentdidnotflourishinZimbabwewasitsnationalculture.ThefactorsthatmakeuptheZimbabweannationalcultureandhavenegativelyaffectedenterprisedevelopmentare:
bad-debtculture,absenceofrolemodels,let'spull-him-downsyndrome,dependencysyndrome,poorqualitygoodsandservicedelivery,refusingtoacceptentrepreneurshipasaway