完整word版英美文学的相关名词解释以及问答.docx

完整word版英美文学的相关名词解释以及问答.docx

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完整word版英美文学的相关名词解释以及问答

一．选择题

二．名词解释（5个）

1.AmericanTranscendentalism

Transcendentalismwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion，culture,andphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandintheearlytomiddle19thcentury.ItissometimescalledAmericanTranscendentalism。

•EmphasizingspiritandtheOversoulasthemostimportantthingintheuniverseasareactionagainstNewtonianconceptoftheuniverse,thedirectionthatamechanized,capitalistAmericawastaking,andthepopulartendencytogetaheadinworldaffairstotheneglectofspiritualwelfare.

•Stressingtheimportanceoftheindividualandindividual'scapabilityforself—regenerationandself—perfectionasareactionagainsttheCalvinistconceptofhumanbeingsandtheprocessofdehumanizationthatcameinthewakeofdevelopingcapitalism。

•OfferingafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasalive，filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence,thegarmentoftheOversoul，exertingahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.

2.Metaphysicalpoetry

AloosegroupofBritishlyricpoetsofthe17thcentury,whosharedaninterestinmetaphysicalconcernsandacommonwayofinvestigatingthem.Thelabel"metaphysical"wasgivenmuchlaterbySamuelJohnsoninhisLifeofCowley。

Thesepoetsthemselvesdidnotformaschoolorstartamovement；mostofthemdidnotevenknoworreadeachother。

3.ByronicHero

TheByronicheroisanidealisedbutflawedcharacterexemplifiedinthelifeandwritingsofLordByron，characterisedbyhisex-loverLadyCarolineLambasbeing”mad,badanddangeroustoknow”.[1]TheByronicherofirstappearsinByron'ssemi—autobiographicalepicnarrativepoemChildeHarold’sPilgrimage（1812—18）。

4.Theprecursorofsocialistmovementvisualizinganewsocialorderbasedontheregenerationofmanandthevirtueoflove*

5.Heroiccouplet

AheroiccoupletisatradtionalformforEnglishpoetry，commonlyusedfoepicandnarrativepoetry；itreferstopoemsconstructedfromasequenceofrhymingpairsofiambicpentamaterlines.Theryhmeisalwaysmasculine。

UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeofferyChaucer。

英雄双音句体指英诗的一种形式，通常用于史诗和叙事诗。

这样的诗歌是由很多对押韵的抑扬五步格诗行组成的.所压的韵很阳刚.英雄双音句体的使用首先由乔叟开创。

（来自参考书）

6.ThomasHardy’sfatalismanddeterminism

Hardyassertsthatinhis”pilgrimage”oflifehehasmetwithbothsorrowandjoyandthatitisnotgodwhoisresponsibleforthisbutthe"purblinddoomsters""Casualty”［chance，accident] and”Time。

”

“Dicingtime"referstothefactthateventsinaperson’slifetakeplaceunexpectedlyandpurelybychancelikethethrowofadice。

Hardy'sconclusionisthatitisnotgodwhodeterminesthejoyandsorrowinaperson’slifebut"casualty”orchancewhichiscompletelyneutralanddictatesthatalleventsinaperson'slifewhetherjoyfulorsorrowfultakeplaceindiscriminatelyatnofixedorexpectedtime.

Hardy’sisaworld,amoralinnature，where“thePresidentofImmortals"sitshighuponthethrone，hostileoftenornonchalantatbesttothehumanworld。

（找不到，这是课件上相关的话.）

7.AmericanPuritanism

ThebeliefsandpracticescharacteristicofPuritans（mostofwhomwereCalvinistswhowishedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandofitsCatholicaspects）

PuritanismwasareligiousreformmovementthatarosewithintheChurchofRnglandinthelatesixteencentury。

Undersiegefromchurchandcrown,itsentanoffshootinthethirdandfourthdecadesoftheseventeenthcenturytothenorthernEnglishcoloniesintheNewWorld—amigrantionthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious,intellectual,andsocialorderofNewEngland。

Puritanism，however，wasnotonlyahistoricallyspecificphenomenoncoincidentwiththefoundingofNewEngland;itwasalsoawayofbeingintheworld—astyleofresponsetolivedexperience-thathasreverberatedthroughAmericanlifeeversince.

清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会内进行的一场宗教改革.在教会和皇权的双重压力下，清教的一个分支于17世纪三、四十年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地，他们为新英格兰奠定了宗教、知识和社会秩序的基础。

清教主义不仅符合新英格兰成立的特定历史，而且一直反映了美国生活的一种生活方式。

8.Neoclassicism

Neoclassicismisthenamegiventoquitedistinctmovementsinthedecorativeandvisualarts,literature,theatre，musicandarchitecturethatdrawuponWesternclassicalartandculture.Thesemovenmentsweredominantduringthemid18thtotheendofthe19thcentury。

新古典主义是指西方在装饰和视觉艺术，文学,戏剧,建筑方面出现的新运动。

在这个运动中,提倡借鉴西方古典艺术和文化。

18世纪中期到19世纪盛行。

（参考书）

9.Shakespeareansonnets

●Ademonstrationofhisattitudestowardthesocietyofhistimeandtowardhisownexperienceinlife

●Themesandideasreflected

ØEntreatiesoflove

ØMildcriticismoftheprevailingconditionsattheroyalcourtinEnglandofthattime

ØCondemnationofcertaincommonsocialvicesandevils

ØUtterancesofhispersonalmiseriescausedbysocialevils

●Shakespeareansonnetwiththerhymeschemeababcdcdefefgg

●Economyandintensityinlanguage（课件上）

Asonnetisafourteen—linepoeminiambicpentameterwithacarefullypatternedrhymescheme。

AShakespearean，orEnglishsonnetconsissof14lines，eachlinecontainstensyllable，andeachlineiswritteniniambicpentameterinwhichapatternofanon-emphasizedsyllablefollowedbyanemphasizedsyllableisrepeatedfivetimes。

TheryhmeschemeinaShakespearaensonnetisababcdcdefefgginwhichthelasttwolinesarearhymingcouplet。

十四行诗是由十四行五步抑扬格组成的韵律规范的诗体。

莎士比亚十四行诗或英国十四行诗由十四行组成，每行十个音节，韵律是抑扬格无因步,每个音步非重读音节在前,重读音节在后，重复五次。

莎士比亚十四行诗的韵式为ababcdcdefefgg,最后两行为押韵对句。

（参考书上只是sonnet）

10.Alliterativeverse（头韵体诗）

Alliterativeverseisaformofversethatusesalliterationastheprincipalstructuringdevicetounifylinesofpoetry，asopposedtootherdevicessuchasrhyme.ThemostcommonlystudiedtraditionsofalliterativeversearethosefoundintheoldestliteratureofmanyGermaniclanguages.Thisisatechniqueinwhichthefirsthalfoftheline（thea-verse）islinkedtothesecondhalf（theb-verse）throughsimilarityininitialsound。

（课件）

10.Deism（自然神论,自然神教派（信上帝的存在及创世界，但对其所创造的世界及世人未加以支配）

•DeismbelieveintheexistenceofGodwithoutanyrelianceonrevealedreligion，religiousauthorityorholybooks，typicallyrejectingsupernaturaleventssuchasprophecyandmiracles，tendingtoassertthatGod（or"TheSupremeArchitect"）hasaplanfortheuniversethatisnottobealteredbyinterventionintheaffairsofhumanlife。

•TheworldoweditsexistencetoGodandthebestwaytoworshipGodwastoworshipHiscreation–man，nature,andtheworldasawhole

•Formalreligiondisappeared，whichbecameprivateandpersonal，notintermingledwithpublicaffairs

•GoddidnotobjecttopeoplenotbelievinginHim,andthatthebestwaytoserveGodwastodogoodtoman。

（课件上相关的，参考书上找不到）

三．选读理解题（5个）

四．问答题（2个）

11.HamletisShakespeare’soft-anthologizedandmost—stagedtragedy。

WhatarethereasonsforHamlet’shesitationintakingrevengeonhisuncleonbehalfofhismurderedfather？

InwhatsenseisHamlettragical?

Reasons：

1。

Hamletisahunmanistatthattime。

ThespiritofhumanistsinfluencesHamletalot。

Atthebeginning,Hamletlivedahappyandcheerfullifebecausehewasasimpleandpureman.However，somethingunfortunatehappenedonhimoneafteranother—hisfather'sdeath,hismother’shurriedmarriage，Claudius’crime,thedeathofOphelia。

Atthatmomenthenotonlythoughtofhispersonalrevengebutalsothetasktowipeouttheevilsoftheworld.Thelattertaskwastoocomplicatedforhim.Itcouldnotbesolvedbyonlyoneattackofsword.EvenifhehadkilledClaudius,heknewhecouldnotsolveanyproblemforthatsocietywouldproducethousandsofnewClaudius。

Hamletwantedtofindaperfectwaytorevengeforhisfatherandsavethesociety。

2。

AnotherreasonforthedelayisduetoHamlet'sreligioussuperstition.Christianityhadgreatinfluenceonpeople.Hamletcertainlybelievedthatmostpeoplewouldgotohellafterdeath,andhethoughtwhathisfather’sghostdescribedaboutthehellwastrue。

Therefore,Hamletcan’tacceptthedivergencebetweendreamandreality.

3.Hewasafraidoffailure.Failuremeansdeath，yetdeathwasnotwhathewasfrightened。

Butwhereshouldhegoafterdeath，toheavenortohell？

Thismakeshimhesitate.AccordingtoChristianidea，apersonwhodiedwhileprayingwouldgotoheaven，evenifhewereavillain.Sowhilehesawhisunclepraying,hedidn’ttakeaction。

4.TheothermainreasonisthattheforceofClaudiusispowerfulandcunning.Therefore,Hamletshouldwaitforamostproperopportunitytotakeaction。

HelivedintheperiodofRenaissance。

Themoralconceptofdevotingthemselvestothekingwasdeeplyrootedinpeople’smind。

Ifhehadtakenactionearlier,perhapshewouldhavefailed.Ifhehadsucceeded，peopleinthecountrymightnotrealizethejustnessoftherevenge。

Therefore，hisdelaycanbeseenasthetacticsofthestruggleagainsttheenemy。

（来自期刊论文,最后一点，斟酌斟酌）

♦造成哈姆雷特悲剧的原因是什么？

♦客观原因：

哈姆雷特所处的时代还没有提供先进分子必然胜利的条件，敌我力量的对比还过于悬殊，这就造成了“历史的必然要求和这个要求的实际上不可能实现之间的悲剧性的冲突。

"

主观原因：

作为一个人文主义者，哈姆雷特自身有着不可克服的局限性。

首先，脱离人民而孤军作战，势单力薄注定失败。

（关键因素）

其次，片面夸大思想的力量，而忽视实践的作用.

再次，患得患失，顾虑重重，妨碍了果敢地行动。

最后,性格弱点和落后观念束缚了他的思想和行动。

（某个老师的中文PPT）

12.AsBritishRomantics,WilliamWordsworthandSamuelColeridgesharealotincommon.Whataretheirsimilarities?

Anddifferences？

13.“Goodandevilweknowinthefieldoftheworldgrowuptogetheralmostinseparately；andtheknowledgeofgoodissoinvolvedandinterwovenwiththeknowledgeofevil,andinsomanycunningresemblanceshardlytobediscerned。

"TheaboveisfromAreopagiticabyJohnMilton，whosemasterpieceisParadiseLost。

HowdoyouevaluatethefallofthefirsthumanbeingsAdamandEve？

WhatarethosecontradictorypointsofMiltonreflectedinthisepic?

MiltonasaPuritanandMiltonasarepublican

MiltonasaPuritanandMiltonasaRenaissancehumanistforgaylifeo