GRE issue提纲政治国际.docx
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GREissue提纲政治国际
第六类政治
8."Itisoftennecessary,evendesirable,forpoliticalleaderstowithholdinformationfromthepublic."
对于政治领导者来说，向人民大众隐瞒信息通常是必要的，甚至有益的。
Agree
1.Inordertogaintheopportunityforeffectivepublicleadership,awould-beleadermustfirstgainandmaintainpoliticalpower.Inthegameofpolitics,completeforthrightnessisasignofvulnerabilityandnaiveté,neitherofwhichearnapoliticianrespectamonghisorheropponents.
2.Fullydisclosingtothepubliccertaintypesofinformationwouldthreatenpublicsafetyandperhapsevennationalsecurity.
3.Nevertheless,legitimatepoliticalleadershipindeedrequiresforthrightnesswiththecitizenryastotheleader’smotivesandagenda.
少数和多数的关系之truelies,thetruthisoutthere.
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24."Peopleinpositionsofpoweraremosteffectivewhentheyexercisecautionandrestraintintheuseofthatpower."
当掌握权力的人们试图小心而节制的使用权力时，他们是最有效率的。
1.Peoplewithoutcautionandrestrainttendtoabusethepowergrantedtothem.
2.Cautionandrestrainthelppeoplehavebetterunderstandingandmakebetteruseofthepower.
3.Leadersshouldnotbetiedupbytoomuchcautionandrestraint.
过犹不及
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43."Tobeaneffectiveleader,apublicofficialmustmaintainthehighestethicalandmoralstandards."
一个公仆如果想成为一位杰出的领导者就必须保持最高的伦理和道德标准。
1.Inthebusinessrealm,successfulleadershipisgenerallydefinedasthatwhichachievesthegoalofprofitmaximizationforafirm’sshareholdersorotherowners.
2.Inthepoliticalrealmtheissueisnolesscomplex.Definitionofsuccessfulpoliticalleadershipandofethicalormoralleadershiparetiedupinthemeansaleaderusestowieldhisorherpowerandtoobtainthatpowerinthefirstplace.
3.Personalmoralityisunrelatedtoeffectivepoliticalleadership.However,publicmoralityandsuccessfulleadershiparemorecloselyconnected.
政治家题目
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44."Governmentshouldnotfundanyscientificresearchwhoseconsequences,eithermedicalorethical,areunclear."
政府不应该资助任何后果不明的科学研究，无论是医学方面还是伦理方面的。
Disagree
1.Financialsupportistotheuncertainscientificresearchwhatsteamistolocomotive.
2.Theconsequencesofuncertainresearchesmayturnouttobeassubstantialasthosewithclearperspectives.
3.Admittedly,therearesomedangersorwasteswhentheresultofascientificresearchisunclear.
政府和科研
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45."Governmentofficialsshouldrelyontheirownjudgmentratherthanunquestioninglycarryingoutthewillofthepeoplewhomtheyserve."
政府官员应该依靠自己的判断而不是不管三七二十一的遵从人民的意愿。
Disagree
1.Admittedly,itishardtogetagoodrapportofallthepeople.
2.However,inademocraticsociety,governmentiselectedbythepeople,andthereforeshouldtaketheresponsibilitytoserveforthepeopleandrealizetheirwill.
3.Withoutthesupportofthepeople,governmentisboundtoperish.
少数和多数，政府
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56."Governmentsshouldfocusmoreonsolvingtheimmediateproblemsoftodayratherthantryingtosolvetheanticipatedproblemsofthefuture."
政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上。
Whethersolvingtheimmediateproblemsoftodayismoreimportantthansolvingtheanticipatedproblemsofthefuturedependsonthenatureoftheproblemstobesolved.
1.Towinthefavorofthegeneralpublic,governmentsthroughouttheworldtendtofocusonsolvingtheimmediateproblemsoftoday.
2.However,agovernment’sfailingtoprepareforfuturechallengeswillcausedisasterstoitscountryinthelongrun.
3.Furthermore,agovernmentshouldalwaystakeintoconsiderationthepossiblefutureeffectsoftheactionsittakestoday.
时间之当务之急和百年大计
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79."Majorpolicydecisionsshouldalwaysbelefttopoliticiansandothergovernmentexperts,whoaremoreinformedandthushavebetterjudgmentandperspectivethandomembersofthegeneralpublic."
主要的决策权应该全部交给政治家和其他的政府专家，他们更加见多识广并且比一般的老百姓具有更好的判断能力和洞察力。
Thetitlestatementgoesagainstthebasictenetsofmoderndemocracy.
1.Insomecases,politiciansandothergovernmentexpertsmightbemoreinformedandhavebetterjudgmentandperspectivethandomembersofthegeneralpublic.
2.However,thereisnoguaranteethatthepoliticiansandexpertswouldalwaysputtheinterestofthepublicbeforetheirownselfishinterests.
3.Furthermore,empiricalevidencealsoindicatesthatpoliticiansandgovernmentexpertsdomakegravemistakesthatharmtheinterestsofthepublic.
少数和多数之决策权
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83."Governmentshouldpreservepubliclyownedwildernessareasintheirnaturalstate,eventhoughtheseareasareoftenextremelyremoteandthusaccessibletoonlyafewpeople."
政府应该保留国家领土中公共拥有的荒凉地区，即使这些地区往往人迹罕至。
Whenourenvironmentisundergrowingthreatfromhumancivilization,governmentshouldtakeactiontopreservepubliclyownedwildernessareasintheirnaturalstate.
1.Evenafewpeoplecouldcauseseriousdamagetoaremotewildernessarea.
2.Thedestructionofevenaremotewildnessareacouldresultinunforeseeableeffectsonthelargerenvironment.
3.Withoutgovernment’sprotection,eventheremotestwildnessareawillfinallydisappear.
政府之领土
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85."Governmentfundingoftheartsthreatenstheintegrityofthearts."
政府资助艺术会威胁到艺术的完整性。
Inspiteoftheharmthatgovernmentfundingmightdototheintegrityofthearts,governmentsupportisstillnecessaryfortheflourishingofthearts.
1.Admittedly,governmentfundingmightdirectlyorindirectlyinfluenceartists’decisionsandchoices.
2.However,historyhasdemonstratedthatgovernmentsupportcouldalsocontributetotheprosperityofarts.
3.Furthermore,whenmoneyhascometodominatecontemporarysociety,itisallthemoreimperativeforgovernmenttofundarts.
政府之艺术
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97."Itisunfortunatebuttruethatpoliticaldecisionsandactivitiesaffectallaspectsofpeople'slives."
尽管很不幸，但是这却是真实存在的事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。
1.Throughoutthecivilizationhistoryofhumanity,politicianshavelongbeenincontroloftheaffairsofsociety.
2.Actually,asthesocietybecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,politicsisplayingamoreimportantroleininfluencingvariousaspectsofpeople’slives.
3.Theinfluencefrompoliticiansarenotnecessarilyanunfortunatething.
政治和生活
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105."Thetruestrengthofacountryisbestdemonstratedbythewillingnessofitsgovernmenttotoleratechallengesfromit'sowncitizens."
一个国家真正的力量可以最好体现在他的政府愿意容忍来自于自己国民的挑战。
Inthelongrun,politicaltoleranceaddstothestrengthofacountry.
1.Democraticgovernmentstendtobemoretolerantthanauthoritarianones.
2.Agovernmentthattolerateschallengesfromitscitizenshasmoreopportunitytoimproveitsperformance.
3.Therealstrengthofacountryliesinthedynamicandinteractiverelationshipbetweenthegovernmentanditspeople.
精英和大众之开明政府
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108."Inmanycountriesitisnowpossibletoturnonthetelevisionandviewgovernmentatwork.Watchingtheseproceedingscanhelppeopleunderstandtheissuesthataffecttheirlives.Themorekindsofgovernmentproceedings-trials,debates,meetings,etc_thataretelevised,themoresocietywillbenefit."
在很多国家中，现在通过电视来观看政府的运作已经成为可能。
观察这些过程有助于人们了解那些影响他们生活的决策。
可以供转播的政府运作（审判、辩论、会议等等）越多，对社会的好处就越多。
1.Ontheonehand,accesstogovernmentproceedingsviatelevisioncarriesseveralsignificantbenefits.First,videotapesarevaluablesupplementstoconventionalmeansofrecordkeeping.Secondly,thissortofexposureprovidesthevieweravaluablesenseofperspective,anappreciationforotherformsofgovernment,andsoforth.Thirdly,inhighschoolsanduniversities,televisionproceedingscanbeusefulcurriculumsupplementsforstudentsofgovernment,publicpolicy,andevenpublicspeaking.
2.Ontheotherhand,peoplecannotignoretherisksimposedbymoreandmoretelevisedgovernmentproceedings.Watchingtelevisedproceedingsasasubstituteforactiveparticipationinthepoliticalprocesscan,onamassscale,underminethedemocraticprocessbywayofitschillingeffectonparticipation.
政府和大众之电子政府
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123."Itispossibletoidentifyaperson'spoliticswithinaveryshorttimeofmeetinghimorher.Everythingaboutpeople-theirclothes,theirfriends,thewaytheytalk,whattheyeat-reflectstheirpoliticalbeliefs."
通过和一个人短时间的接触来了解它的政治信仰是有可能的。
和人们有关的一切--人们穿什么样的衣服、结交什么样的朋友、如何说话、吃什么东西--都能够反映出他们的政治信仰。
Aperson’swordsandbehaviorcoulddirectlyreflecthisorherpoliticalbeliefs.
1.Whatonewearsandeatsindicatesthewayoflifeheorsheadvocates.
2.Wecanalsoidentifyaperson’sideals,qualitiesandvaluesfromthetypeoffriendsheorsheassociateswith.“Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.”
3.Ofcourse,itisalsonecessarytowatchaperson’sdeedsifwewanttoknowforsurewhatheorshetrulybelievesin.
政治是无处不在的
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167."Itisimpossibleforaneffectivepoliticalleadertotellthetruthallthetime.Completehonestyisnotausefulvirtueforapolitician."
对于一个英明的政治领导者来说，总是坦白是不可能的。
彻底的诚实对于一个政治家来说是无用的美德。
Inordertoevaluatethiscontentionitisnecessarytoexaminethenatureofpolitics,andtodistinguishbetweenshort-termandlong-termeffectiveness.
1.Ontheonehandarethreecompellingargumentsthatpoliticalleadermustsometimesbelessthantruthfulinordertobeeffectiveinthatleadership.Thefirstargumentliesinthefactthatpoliticsisagameplayedamongpoliticians—andtha
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