最全高中英语定语从句经典考点归纳总结及经典对比训练题.docx
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最全高中英语定语从句经典考点归纳总结及经典对比训练题
高中英语定语从句
高中英语教师赵宝丽
Ⅰ.概念:
(1)定语从句:
在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。
(2)先行词:
被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词(名词或代词),短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句的词叫引导词,又叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:
1)连接作用:
引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;
2)在定语从句中充当句子成份(主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)
3)指代先行词
.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that、why引导.
3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.
北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为"的"字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。
比较:
Hehasasister,whoisamusician.
Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,as;关系副词when,where.
1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.
2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.
.几个关系代词的基本用法:
●that:
可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:
1.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?
2.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.
3.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?
4.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.
5.She'snolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobebefore.
●which:
指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.
2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.
●who,whom,whose:
who:
主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人
whom:
宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人
whose:
属格,是who的所有格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。
1.Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.
2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)
3.He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.
4.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.
5.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.
=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.
●as的用法:
(as引导限制性和非限制性定语从句,先行词可以指人或者物,as在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
1as引导限制性定语从句的,多用于thesame…as;such…as…;as…as;so…as等结构中,as不能省略。
如:
1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。
2.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.
比较:
ThisisthesamebikethatIlosttwomonthsago.(同类同物)
ThisisthesamebikeasIlosttwomonthsago.(同类异物)
比较:
Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)
Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)
2as引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句的内容,从句可放在主句前,主句后、主句中间。
译为"正如,这一点"。
(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)
Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语,先行词是前面整个句子,)
=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)
=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as作宾语)
=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.
as引导非限制定语从句常用的固定表达:
asweallknow众所周知asiswellknow众所周知
asyousee如你所见asweexpect正如我们预料的那样
asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样asIcanremember正如我所记得的
ashasbeensaidbefore如前所述asis\wasexpected正如预料的那样
ascanbeseen正如所见asmaybeimagined正如可以想象出来的那样
关系代词
指代的先行词
在从句中所作的成分
that
指人或物
主语、宾语、表语
which
指物
主语、宾语、表语
who
指人
主语、宾语
whom
指人
宾语
whose
指人或物
定语
as
指人或物
主语、宾语、表语
.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:
●that&which:
在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样。
先行词指物时只用that,而不用which的情况.
①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,
1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.
3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?
4.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.=Whatcanbedonehasbeendone.
②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。
1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.
2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.
3.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.
比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.
*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.
2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.
2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.
⑤先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时宜用that.如:
Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
⑦如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
⑧疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。
1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?
2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?
⑨主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如:
Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句tobe表语时,该关系代词宜用that.
1.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.
2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.
3.Heisn’ttheboythatheusedtobe.
定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.
2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingpopularinourcountry.
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.
LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
⑤先行词本身是that,宜用which.
What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?
⑥先行词是those+复数名词.
Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.
●who&that:
先行词指人时,只用who,不用that的情况
①先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people时.如:
1.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.
2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.
3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce.
②在Therebe结构中,先行词指人时定语从句用关系代词who引导.如:
1.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.
2.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.
●as&which:
as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别:
①位置的不同:
which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置较灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中或放在句子后。
如:
1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.
2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.=Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.
=Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.
②先行词的不同:
as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;
which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子。
1.Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.
2.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.(先行词是一个句子)
3.Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.
③as一般译为"正如""就像","这一点"
asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;
ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.
④表示顺从关系用as;表示转折、因果关系用which
Hehaspassedtheexam,asweexpect.
Hehaspassedtheexam,whichwedon’texpect.
Bambooishollow,whichmakesitlight.
⑤as后面多加系动词,which后面多加实义动词
Theearthtravelsaroundthesun,asisknowntoall.
Bambooishollow,whichmakesitlight.
.关系副词引导的定语从句:
●When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
其先行词是表时间的名词:
time,day,week,year,month,etc.
HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.
Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.
注意:
先行词为"时间名词",当定语从句缺少状语时用when引导,when在定语从句中作时间状语;当定语从句缺少主语或者宾语时用which或that引导。
比较:
1.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)
2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作宾语)
●Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
其先行词是表示地点的名词:
place,school,factory,room,etc.
ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.
Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.
注意:
先行词是"地点名词",当定语从句缺少状语时用where引导,where在定语从句中作地点状语;当定语从句缺少主语或者宾语时用which或that引导。
比较:
1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作状语)
2.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.
3.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.
4.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作宾语)
●Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
当定语从句缺少状语时用why引导,why在定语从句中作原因状语;当定语从句缺少主语或者宾语时用which或that引导,先行词一般为reason时,可用forwhich指代。
1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.
2.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾语)
3.Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?
(作主语)
关系副词
指代先行词
所作的从句的成分
介词+关系代词
when
时间名词
时间状语
on\in\during等+which
where
地点名词
地点状语
in\at\on等+which
why
reason
原因状语
for+which
Ⅵ介词+关系代词(介词+whom/which)引导的定语从句
在定语从句中,“介词+关系代词”结构是考试重点,关系代词只能用which指物,用whom指人,不可以用that。
使用“介词+关系词”结构,关键是要确定其中的介词。
归纳起来,有以下几种方法:
1、根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词。
如:
Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.
在漆黑的大街上,没有一个她可以向之求助的人。
(注意相关搭配turntosbforhelp“向某人求助”)
注意;有些固定短语动词如listento,lookat,lookafter,dependon,lookfor,takecareof,
hearof\about\from,carefor,lookforward,payattentionto,等短语里面的介词都不可前置。
Theboy(whom)mysisterislookingafterisgettingbetter
不能说成:
Theboyafterwhommysisterislookingisgettingbetter.
2、根据与定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定介词。
如:
Hewasgenerouswithhistime,forwhichIwasgrateful.
他在时间方面很慷慨,对此我非常感激。
(注意相关搭配begratefulfor“对……感激”)
我们应该多记一些相关的结构,如beinterestedin,befamousfor,bepleasedwith,besatisfiedwith,bepopularwith,begoodat,beproudof等等。
3、根据与先行词的搭配来确定介词。
如:
Thisisourclassroom,infrontofwhichthereisateacher’sdesk.
这是我们的教室,前面是老师的讲台。
(注意相关搭配infrontofourclassroom)
I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichshesaidgoodbyetome.
我永远不会忘记