大英2讲义.docx

大英2讲义.docx

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大英2讲义

Unit1TheDinnerParty

Ⅰ.BackgroundInformation

1.India

1）LocationandCapital

India,officiallycalledRepublicofIndia,isacountryinsouthernAsia,locatedonthesubcontinentofIndia.ItisboundedonthenorthbyAfghanistan,China,Nepal,andBhutan;ontheeastbyBangladesh,Myanmar（alsoknownasBurma）,andtheBayofBengal;onthesouthbythePalkStraitandtheGulfofMannâr（whichseparatesitfromSriLanka）andtheIndianOcean;andonthewestbytheArabianSeaandPakistan.Indiaisdividedinto26statesand7unionterritories.NewDelhiisthecountry’scapitalandoneofitslargestcities.

2）NationalFlag

ThecolorsoftheIndianflagweretakenfromtheflagoftheIndianNationalCongress.Darkorangerepresentscourageandsacrifice.Greenrepresentsfaith,fertility,andchivalry.Whiterepresentstruthandpeace.Theembleminthecenterwasaddeduponindependencein1947.ItisaBuddhistdharmachakra,orwheeloflife,usedinIndiathousandsofyearsago.

3）BritishColony

Intheearly18thcentury,followingthedeclineoftheMughalEmpire,BritainexpandeditspowerinIndia,whereBritishinfluencehadbegunintheearly1600s.In1935BritainbegantorelinquishitsholdonIndiaandpassedlegislationprovidingforautonomousIndianlegislativebodies.ExecutivepowerremainedwiththeBritishgovernment,however,until1947whentheIndianpeople,underGandhi’sleadership,wontheirstruggleforindependenceandBritishruleinIndianended.

4）MahatmaGandhi（1869-1948）--IndianNationalistLeader

ThecampaignofnonviolentcivilresistanceorganizedbyIndiannationalistleaderMahatmaGandhiagainstBritishruleinIndialedtothecountry’sindependencein1947.Amemberofthemerchantcaste,MohandasK.Gandhi,latercalledMahatma（Sanskritfor“greatsoul”）,GandhistudiedlawinLondon,England.Asalawyerandlaterasapoliticalactivist,heeffectivelyfoughtdiscriminationwiththeprinciplesoftruth,nonviolence,andcourage,whichhederivedinpartfromtheteachingsofHinduism.

5）TheTajMahal

TheTajMahal,designedasatombforthewifeofa17th-centuryMughalemperor,wasconstructedbyabout20,000workersfrom1631to1653inacityinnorthernIndia.ThemassivedomedstructurewasconstructedintheIndo-Islamicstyle,usingwhitemarbleandinlaidgems.Ateachcornerisaminaret（prayertower）,andpassagesfromtheKoran,theMuslimholybook,adorntheoutsidewalls.Thebodiesoftheemperorandhiswiferemaininavaultbelowthebuilding.

6）TheVictoriaMemorial

TheVictoriaMemorialwasbuilttocommemorateQueenVictoria’s25-yearreignoverIndia.AftertheSepoyRebellionof1857,theBritishgovernmentassumeddirectcontrolofthecountry,andin1876theBritishparliamentmadeVictoriatheEmpressofIndia.Herreignendedwithherdeathin1901.

7）Marriage

DuringaSikhmarriageceremony,thebrideandgroomintraditionalclothingencircletheSikhHolyBookfourtimeswhilechantingweddinghymns.Sikhism,areligionthatcombineselementsofIslamandHinduism,developedinIndiaduringthelate15thandearly16thcenturies.Today,SikhsmakeupmorethanhalfthepopulationofPunjab.

8）SacredCow

Indiahasmorecattlethananyothercountryintheworld.AsacentralpartofIndia’sagrarianeconomy,cattlehaulcarts,plowfieldsandproducemilkfordairyproducts.ConsideredsacredbymanyHindus,cattleareprotectedfromslaughterinmoststatesandareoftenallowedtoroamfree.

2.Cobra

Cobras,foundinsomepartsofAfricaandAsia,arepoisonoussnakes.Mostcobrasbitetheirvictimsandtheirbitemaycausedeathwithinafewhours.

Thekingcobra,thelargestofallpoisonoussnakes,mayreachalengthof

18ft（5.5m）andfeedschieflyonothersnakes.Whendisturbed,itraisesitshoodedheadtogetabetterviewortostrike.Largeindividualsmayraisethemselvestoaheightofabout1m（about4ft）.

TheIndiancobraisusually4-5ft（1.2–1.6m）long.Thesnake’scolorrangesfromyellowishtodarkbrown.Ithasamarklikeapairofspectaclesonthebackofitshood.Itpreysonratsandisthereforeoftenfoundinhouses.TheIndiancobraandtheEgyptiancobraareoftendisplayedbysnakecharmers.Thecobrasappeartorespondtothemusicplayedbythecharmer,but,likeallsnakes,theyaredeafandonlyfollowthemovementsofthecharmer.

3.PrejudiceAgainstWomen

Womenhavebeenprejudicedagainstforcenturiesperhapseversincelifeonearth.Theyhavelongbeenreferredtoas“weakersex”or“fairersex,”considerednaturallyweakerthanmen,squeamish,unabletoperformtheworkthatrequiresmusclesorpluckthecouragetofaceuptoanycrisis.Asweknow,Plato,Aristotle,Shakespeare,andConfuciusallmadenegativeremarksaboutwomen.Andeventoday,suchaprejudicehasnotentirelybeeneliminatedandtheargumentinthetextshowshowhardlong-standingprejudicesdie.

Ⅱ.NewWordsandexpressions

1.heated:

adj.withstrong,excited,andoftenangryfeelings

shehadaheatedargumentwithanofficial

2.unexpected:

adj.Notexpectedorregardedaslikelytohappen

hisdeathwastotallyunexpected

Mr.Greenpaidmeanunexpectedvisit.

格林先生出乎意料地前来看我。

3.shortly:

adv.Inashorttime;soon;Inafewwords;briefly

She'sgoingtoNewYorkshortly.

她不久将去纽约。

theyreceivedalettershortlyoutliningtheproposals

4.bare:

adj.（ofapersonorpartofthebody）Notclothedorcovered；Onlyjustsufficient

Thechildwasbaretothewaist.

那孩子打赤膊。

Alltheyhadwerethebarenecessitiesoflife.

他们所有的仅仅是生活必需品而已。

Thelittleroomwasalmostbareoffurniture.（bareof没有……）

这个小房间几乎没有什么家具

5.spirited:

adj.Fullofenergy,enthusiasm,anddetermination

Sheputupaspiriteddefenceofhergovernment'spolicies.

她积极地为她的政府的政策辩护。

6.outgrow:

v.growtoobigfor（something）;leavebehindasonematures;growfasterortallerthan

outgrowone'sclothes

个子长大了衣服穿不下

Hehasoutgrownhiscredulity.

他已长大成熟而不再轻信。

Bythetimehewasten,hehadoutgrownhisolderbrother.

他十岁的时候就已经长得比他哥哥高了

7.react:

vi.Respondorbehaveinaparticularwayinresponsetosomething

Howdidshereacttothenews?

她对这个消息反应如何?

8.contract:

vi.decreaseinsize,number,orrange

Glasscontractsasitcools

Theheartisamusclethatcontractsaboutseventytimesaminute

9.motion:

v.directorcommand（someone）withamovementofthehandorhead

Theteachermotionedhisstudentstobesilent.

老师示意学生不要讲话。

Hemotionedtometobesilent.

他示意我不要做声。

10.widen:

v.makeorbecomewider

Thecityiswideningthisstreet.

该城正在拓宽这条街。

11.bait:

n.foodusedtoenticefishorotheranimalsasprey

Thelittlefishtookthebait.

小鱼吞下诱饵。

Heluredherwiththebaitofagoodjob.

他以给一份好差使引诱她

12.impulse:

n.asuddenstrongandunreflectiveurgeordesiretoact

Myuncleboughtthehouseonanimpulse.

我叔叔一时冲动买下了那房子。

IusedtoactoutofblindimpulsewhenIwasyoung.

我年轻时常凭盲目的冲动行事。

13.commotion:

n.astateofconfusedandnoisydisturbance

You'remakingagreatcommotionaboutnothing.

你完全是在无理取闹。

14.forfeit:

v.loseorbedeprivedof（propertyorarightorprivilege）asapenaltyforwrongdoing

Hehasforfeitedtherighttobetheleaderofthisnation.

他丧失了作为这个国家领导的权利。

15.emerge:

v.moveoutoforawayfromsomethingandcomeintoview

Themoonemergedfrombehindacloud.

月亮从云层后面钻了出来。

Nothingemergedfromthebilateraltalks.

双边会谈没有结果。

16.faint:

v.growweakorfeeble;decline

Herbreathingbecamefaint.

她的呼吸变得很弱。

Afaintblushcameintohercheek.

她的脸上出现了淡淡的红晕。

17.crawl:

v.（ofaperson）Moveforwardonthehandsandkneesorbydraggingthebodyclosetotheground;（ofaninsectorsmallanimal）Moveslowlyalongasurface

Hewatchedthebabycrawlacrosstheroom.

他看着婴儿从房间这边爬到那边。

Itwasrushhourandwecrawledalongat15milesanhour.

遇上了高峰时间,我们的车子以每小时十五英里的速度缓慢行驶

Thelawnwascrawlingwithants.

草坪上爬满了蚂蚁。

18.trackdown:

追查到，追捕到；

Thepolicemanhastrackeddownwherethethiefwashidden.

19.springup:

涌现，迅速增长

SomanyideassprangupinmymindasIthoughtofit.

20.atthesightof一看见

Hewasdisgustedatthesightoftherottingfood.

21.feellike想要

Idon’tfeellikedrinkingbeertonight.

22.cometo熟知，了解；苏醒；总计

Dailyshewascomingtoknowhimbetter.

日复一日，她开始对他了解地更深入了。

Janeknowsnothingaboutgeography,butwhenitcomestochemistrysheisanexpert.

简对地理一窍不通，但谈到化学她却是一个专家。

Inall,theycometosome300000Chinesecharacters.

它们总共有30万汉字。

23.makefor走向，导致，促进

Wejoinedthejostlingcrowdmakingfortheonlyexit.

我们加入了拥挤的人群，朝唯一的出口走去。

Culturalexchangesmakeformutualunderstanding.

文化交流有助于相互交流。

24.ringout发出声音，突然想起

Iheardashotringoutsomewhere.

25.lightup照亮，变亮

Inmypastyears,friendshiplikealightlitupmysoulsothattherewassomeglowinmyexistence.

友情在过去的生活里，就像一盏明灯照亮了我的灵魂，使我的生存有了一点点光彩。

Ⅲ.Languagepoints

1.IfirstheardthistaleinIndia,whereitistoldasiftrue—thoughanynaturalistwouldknowitcouldn’tbe.

1）Whydoestheauthorsay“thoughanynaturalistwouldknowitcouldn’tbe?

”

Becausecobrasgenerallyeatsmallanimalssuchasrabbitsandmice,anaturalistwouldtellusthatmilkisnotafavoritefoodforthecobras.

2.Aspiriteddiscussionspringsupbetweenayounggirlwhosaysthatwomenhaveoutgrownthejumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouseeraandamajorwhosaysthattheyhaven’t.

1）TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.

席间，一位年轻的女士与一位少校展开了激烈的讨论。

年轻的女士认为，妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则不以为然。

3.Andthatlastounceiswhatreallycounts.

1）What’sthemeaningof“whatreallycounts?

”

Itmeans“somethingthatisreallyimportant”.

4.Ashelooks,heseesastrangeexpressioncomeoverthefaceofthehostess.

1）What’sthe