干货分享 ACCA F5的5大历史真题详解.docx
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干货分享ACCAF5的5大历史真题详解
干货分享 | ACCA F5的5大历史真题详解
ACCA F5 全球统考将近, 楷博财经资深讲师将从F5中的重点通过历史真题加以解析,希望对同学们有所帮助。
Example 1:
Gadget Co (DEC 2010)
The Gadget Co produces three products,A, B and C, all made from the same material. Until now, it has used traditionalabsorption costing to allocate overheads to its products. The company is nowconsidering an activity based costing system in the hope that it will improveprofitability. Information for the three products for the last year is asfollows:
The price for raw materials remainedconstant throughout the year at $1.2 per kg. Similarly, the direct labor costfor the whole workforce was $14.8 per hour. The annual overhead costs:
(a) Calculatethe full cost per unit for products A, B and C under traditional absorptioncosting,using direct labor hours as the basis for apportionment. (5'')
(b)Calculate the full cost per unit of each product using activity based costing.(9 '')
这种题型,有很大的概率出现. 需要注意的地方:
1. ABC 和 AC 目的一致 (Howto apportion total overheads into cost unit), 但方式不同;
2. ABC方法明显要繁琐一些, 但是它更加适用于Overhead costs 占总成本比例高的环境;
3. 上题有short cut 方式,以此解题快一点。
Example 2:
Cut and Stitch (June 2010)
Cut & Stitch make two types of suitsusing skilled tailors (labor)and a unique fabric (material).
Both the tailors and the fabric are inshort supply and so the accountant at CS has correctly produced a linearprogramming model to help decide the optimal production mix.
W = No. of work suits produced
L = No. of lounge suits produced
Objective is to maximize contribution:
Contribution = 48W +40L
On the diagram provided the accountanthas correctly identified OABCD as the feasible region and point B as theoptimal point.
(a) Find by appropriatecalculation the optimal production mix and related maximum contribution thatcould be earned by Cut and Stitch. (4'')
Solution:
Multiplying the equation of F by 2.5,
We have:
5W + 5L = 3,000
Equation of T 7W + 5L = 3,500
W = 250, L = 350
The optimum plan is to produce 250 worksuits and 350 lounge suits.
Contribution = 250 X $48 + 250 X $40 = $26,000
(b) Calculate the shadow pricesof the Fabric / meter and the Tailor time / hour. (6'')
Solution:
The shadow prices can be found by adding one unit toeach constraint in turn
Shadow price of T (tailor's time)
7W + 5L = 3,501; 2W + 2L = 1,200
W = 250.5; L = 349.5
Contribution=
($48 X 250·5) + ($40 X 349·5) = $26,004
Shadow price of T = 26,004 – 26,000 = $4/hr
Shadow price of F (meters of fabrics)
7W + 5L = 3,500; 2W + 2L = 1,201
W =248.75; L = 351.75
Contribution =
($48 X 248.75) + ($40 X 351.75) = $26,010
Shadow price of F = 26,010 – 26,000 = $10/m
Example 3
Make or buy decisions should certainlynot be based exclusively on cost considerations. Other points could bediscussed in the exam:
DISCUSSION
Core competence
Never outsource core activity!
Otherwise, the company will lose its competitive advantage. 核心竞争力的企业活动不可以外包。
Reliability
Quality / quantity / timeliness / price stability 必须考虑外包商的质量,供货数量,到货及时性以及价格等因素是否能够得到保证。
Over-reliance
What if external service terminate?
Any back-upplan?
Are we able to go back to "make" 外包是否导致我们对外包商过度依赖, 以后失去这个供应商,公司是否有替代性方案, 比如重新自制。
Specialist skill
Does external service have better skills or efficiency than us, or can we find better or cheaper supplier?
外包商是否可以提供更加专业的服务。
Social impact
Will outsourcing force the company to layoff workforce?
外包意味着裁员, 是否会引起工会抵制或政府的反对。
Confidentiality
Esp. when external supplier works for competitors 外包是否会导致商业机密的泄露。
Control
Company will lose control over outsourced activities, have less quality control.外包可能导致公司对生产流程或配件质量失去控制。
Example 4:
Cement Co. (June 2011)
Cement Co is a company specializing in the manufacture of cement, a productused in the building industry. It has found that when weather conditions aregood, the demand for cement increases since more building work is able to takeplace. Last year, the weather was so good,and the demand for cement was sogreat, that it was unable to meet demand. Itis now trying to work out the levelof cement production for the coming year inorder to maximize profits.
The company doesn’t want to miss out onthe opportunity to earn large profits by running out of cement again. However,it doesn’t want to be left with large quantities of theproduct unsold at the end ofthe year, since it deteriorates quickly and thenhas to be disposed of. The company has received the following estimates aboutthe probable weather conditions and corresponding demand levels for thecoming year:
Weather
Probability
Demand
Good
25%
350,000 bags
Average
45%
280,000 bags
Poor
30%
200,000 bags
Each bag of cement sells for $9 andcosts $4 to make. If cement is unsold at the end of the year, it has to bedisposed of at acost of $0·5 per bag. It has decided to produce atone of the three levels of production to match forecast demand. It now has to decidewhich level of cement production to select.
(a) Construct a pay off table to showall the possible profit outcomes. (8’’)
Note:
收益表格式需要注意:
横排写下我们的决策(产量), 竖排写下结果(不同的天气条件下的不同需求量)
Profit per bag sold = $9 – $4 = $5
Loss per bag disposed of = $4 + $0·5 = $4·5
(W1) 350,000 x $5
(W2) (280,000 x $5) – (70,000 x $4·5)
(W3) (200,000 x $5) – (150,000 x $4·5)
(b) Decide the level of cementproduction the company should choose, based on Maxi-min, Maxi-max,Mini-maxregret and Expected Value rules(6'')
(1) Maxi-min (1’’)
(2) Maxi-max (1’’)
Highest profit from the worst outcome
Highest profit from the best outcome
Highest profit $1 m canbe achieved when it produces 200k, from the worst outcome:
200k sold under poor weather.
Highest profit $1.75 mcan be achieved when it produces 350k, from the best outcome:
350k sold under good weather.
(3) Expected value (4’’)
Supply 350K 0.25 x $1,750k + 0.45x $1,085k + 0.3x $325k = $1,023,250
Supply 280K (0.25 + 0.45) x $1,400k + 0.3 x $640k =$1,172,000
Supply 200K (0.25 + 0.45 + 0.3) x$1,000k = $1,000,000
(4) Mini-max regret rule (regret = opportunity cost) additional question
■ Step 1. Start fromthe highest profit in each possible outcome (row)
■ Step 2. Subtractall other numbers in this row from it
Weather
350k
$’000
280k
$’000
200k
$’000
Good
0
350
750*
Average
315
0
400
Poor
675
360
0
*决策:
"生产200K ".利润$1,000. 如天气良好, 本可以生产 350k 获利 $1,750
决策者因此产生遗憾 "regret" = $750
■ Step 3. Decide which decision has the lowest maximum regret. (280K in this case.)
(c) Describe the ‘maxi-min’and ‘expected value’ decision rules, explaining whenthey might be used and the attitudes of the decision makers who might use them.(6’’)
Rules
Description
Style
1Maxi-min
looks at the worst outcome at each supply level and then selects the highest one of these.
The decision maker chooses to minimize his losses with certainty and sacrifice the chance to maximize the profit.
Pessimistic
/risk-averse
/risk-avoiding
2Maxi-max
looks at the best outcome at each supply level and then selects the highest one.
The decision maker chooses to maximize his profit and is willing to bear the chance of maximum losses.
Over-optimistic
/risk-seeking
/risk-pursuing
3Mini-max Regret
tries to minimize the maximum regret. It is useful for risk-averse decision-maker who hates to make wrong decision.
Sore loser
4EV
calculates the average return once by weighting each of the possible outcomes with probability.
The problem:
the actual outcome is unlikely to be the EV. E.g. with Cement Co, the closest actual outcome is $1,400k; EV is not very useful here, because this is a one-off decision, and it does NOT consider RISK
Risk-neutral who accepts average outcome
Note:
1, 2 and 3 ignore probability
Note:
to get full marks,we only have to discuss 1 and 4
Example 5:
Advanced variances - material yieldvariance
The standardingredients of the greenpaint are as follows:
2 liters blue paint @$2.5 / L = $5
7 liters yellow paint@ $3 / L = $21
1 liter bonding agent@ $10 / L = $10
Total cost to produce 9 liters of greenpaint = $36 (requiring10 liters ( = 2 + 7 + 1) of materials)
Standard cost of 1 liter of greenpaint (output) = $4
The actual production data for April are as follows:
1,000 liters bluepaint @ $2.6 / L = $2,600
4,000 liters yellowpaint @ $3.1 / L =$12,400
500 liters bondingagent @ $9.9 / L =$4,950
5,500 liters ofmaterials = $19,950
Actual output of green paints are 5,000 liters
Solution:
Method 1:
Material
Yield
Variance
A
(SQblue – ATQ X SMb) X SPb = (5,000 X 2/9 – 5,500 X 2/10) X 2.5 = $27.78
F
B
(SQyellow – ATQ X SMy) X SPy = (5,000 X 7/9 – 5,500 X 7/10) X 3 = $116.67
F
C
(SQbonding – ATQ X SMb) X SPb = (5,000 X 1/9 – 5,500 X 1/10) X 10 = $55.56
F
Total Material yield Variance = $200 (F)
Method2:
Input units = 5,500 liters
Expected output =4,950 liters
Actual output = 5,000liters
Abnormal gain = 50 liters
5,500 liters ofmaterials should haveproduced 4,950 liters (= 5,500 X 9 /10) of green paint,which is 50 liters lessthan actual output, it represents abnormal gain.
50liters X $4 per liter = $200(F)
Note:
Method 1 是教材中的公式; 通过method 2, 我们得到的结论:
favorable material yield variance 描述的是abnormal gain; adverse variance 表示abnormalloss.
以上是楷博财经ACCA讲师的F5的5大历史真题详解,更多考试干货,可登录楷博财经官网获取。
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