最新语言学习题答案.docx

最新语言学习题答案.docx

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最新语言学习题答案

1.Q:

Whatisthescopeoflinguistics?

Thescopeoflinguisticscanbeillustratedas:

1）Generallinguistics:

thestudyoflanguageaswhole.Itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.

2）Phonetics:

thestudyofsoundsusedincommunication.

3）Phonology:

thestudyabouthowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.

4）Morphology:

thestudyofthewayinwhichsymbols/morphemesarearrangedtoformwords.

5）Syntax:

thestudyoftherulesaboutthecombinationofwordstoformpermisiblesentences.

6）Semantics:

thestudyofmeaning.

7）Pragmatics:

thestudyofmeaninginthecontextofuse.

AndtheInterdisciplinarybranches.

1）Sociolinguistics

2）Psycholinguistics……………

2.Q:

Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways:

firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itdescribesthelanguageasitis;whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive,itprescribesthewaylanguageshouldbeused.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoalatin-basedframework.

3.Q:

Whatisaphone?

Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?

Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?

Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.

Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound.

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

4.Q:

Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationruleandthedeletionrule?

1）Sequentialrulesformthelettersas“k,h,l,j”intoallpossiblewordsinEnglish.Wemightorderthemas:

blik,klib,bilk,kilb.withoutotherorders.Soitindicatesthattherearerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Onespecialsequentialrulethat……

2）Assimilationrule:

itassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatherofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Forexample:

“illegal”,inlegal

3）Deletionrule:

Itcanbestatedas:

deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.forexample:

“designation”,the[g]representedbytheletter“g”ispronounced,whileintheword“sign”./g/soundisdeleted,becauseitisfollowedbyandendedwiththenasalconsonant/n/.

5.Q:

WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?

TherearefivetypesofsynonymsinEnglish.Theyaredialectalsynonyms--synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects;stylisticssynonyms–synonymsdifferinginstyle;synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning;collocationalsynonyms;semanticallydifferentsynonyms.

6.Q:

Explainwithexamples“Homonymy”,“Polysemy”,and“Hyponymy”?

Homonymy（定义）….Itincludeshomophones（定义）（piece\peace）,homographs（定义）（bowv.\bown.）andcompletehomonyms（定义）（scalen.\scalev.）.

Polysemymeansthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethatonemeaning.Forexample:

“table”,hasatleastsevenmeanings.

Hyponymymeansthatthesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Forexample:

“furniture”issuper-ordinate,itshyponymsarebed,table,desk,dresser,wardrobe,settee……

7.Q:

Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?

Towhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?

Therearethreetypesoppositionsinmeaning.Theyaregradableantonyms,complementaryantonymsandrelationalopposites.

“north\south”,“wide\narrow”and“poor\rich”belongtogradableantonyms;“vacant\occupied”and“literate\illiterate”belongtocomplementaryantonyms;“above\below”,“doctor\patient”and“father\daughter”belongtorelationalopposites.

8.Q:

Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?

Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,andde-contextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.

Difference:

Sentencemeaningincludeslocutionaryact,butitdoesn’tincludeillocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.

9.Q:

AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample?

Theyarelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Forexample:

someoneutters“you”“have”“door”“open”!

Thelocutionaryactexpresseswhatthewordsliterallymean.Theillocutionaryactexpressesthespeaker’sintention:

askingsomeonetoclosethedoor.Thehearergetsthespeaker’smessageandseesthatthespeakermeanstotellhimtocloseth