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英语复合句英文版
ComplexSentence
Asentencewithoneindependentclauseandonemoredependentclausesiscalledacomplexsentence.
Whenacomplexsentencehasmorethanoneindependentclause,itiscalledacompoundcomplexsentence.
Beforewegointodetailsofcomplexsentences,letushaveabasicunderstandingthefollowing4typesofsentences:
1.Simplesentence
2.Compoundsentence
3.Complexsentence
4.Compoundcomplexsentence
Letusunderstandtheabove4typesofsentenceswiththefollowingexamples:
1.Jackboughtacar.
2.Rickywasabrilliantstudentandhepassedtheexameasily.
3.Johndidnotgotoschoolyesterdaysincehewassick.
4.Jamesranfastbuthecouldnotwintheracebecausehisstartwaslate.
1.Jackboughtacar.
Lookatthefirstsentencewhichhasonlyonesubjectandonepredicate(pred?
k?
t)andmakesacompletesensebyitself.Suchasentenceiscalledasimplesentence.
2.Rickywasabrilliantstudentandhepassedtheexameasily.
Lookatthesecondsentence.Itcontainstwoparts:
★Rickywasabrilliantstudent.
★Hepassedtheexameasily.
Notethatacoordinatingconjunction,andhasbeenusedtoconnectthetwoparts.Eachpartcontainsasubject&apredicateonitsownandeachpartcanstandonitsown.Thereforeeachpartisasentencewhichisapartofalargesentence.Thistypeofpartiscalledaclause.Wecanalsonotethateachclauseisindependentoftheotherandthereforecanbecalledanindependentclause.Thusasentencesuchasthe2ndwhichismadeupoftwoormoreindependentclausesiscalledacompoundsentence.
Youneedtokeepinmindthatthecoordinatingconjunctionsusedtoconnecttwoindependentclausesareand,but,for,or,nor,yet&so.Alsothepunctuationmarksemicolon(;)canfunctionasacoordinatingconjunctioninsomecases.
3.Johndidnotdidnotgotoschoolyesterdaysincehewassick.
Nowlookatthethirdsentence,ittoohastwoparts:
★Johndidnotgotoschoolyesterday.
★Sincehewassick.
Hereyouwillunderstandthatthefirstclauseisanindependentclause.Howeverthesecondclausecanonlygiveacompletesenseonlywhenyoureaditalongwiththefirstclause.Suchaclauseiscalledadependentclause.
Thereforeasentencesuchasthethirdwhichismadeupofoneindependentclauseandoneormoredependentclausesiscalledacomplexsentence.
4.Jamesranfastbuthecouldnotwintheracebecausehisstartwaslate.
Nowlookatthefourthsentence,ithas3parts(orclauses):
★Jamesranfast
★Hecouldnotwintherace
★Becausehisstartwaslate
Youshouldnotethatthefirsttwoclausesareindependentclausesandthethirdclauseisadependentclause.
Thusasentencesuchasthe4thcontainingtwoormoreindependentclauseswithoneormoredependentclausesiscalledacompoundcomplexsentence.
Wehavenowdiscussedthedifferenttypesofsentencescontainingmorethanoneclausewhichweidentifiedasindependentordependentclause.Inthenextpagewewilldiscussmoreaboutdependentclauseswhichcanbegroupedinto3sub-categoriesasnounclauses,adjectiveclausesandadverbclauses.
ClausesofComplexSentence
Inthepreviouslessonweidentifiedtwomaintypesofclausesinacomplexsentence.Thatis,independent(ormain)clausesanddependent(orsubordinate)clauses.Herewearegoingtoanalyzethedependentclauses.
Dependentclausescanbedividedinto03categoriesas;
★Nounclauses
★Adjectiveclauses
★Adverbclauses
Letusdiscusseachoftheclauses,whichisimportantinordertothoroughlyunderstandthecomplexsentencestructures.
1.Nounclauses
Anounclauseisagroupofwordswhichcontainsasubject&apredicateofitsownanddoestheworkofanoun.
Let'sseethefollowingexampleswithspecialattentiontothepartsinitalics:
1.Iexpecttowintherace.
2.IexpectthatIshallwintherace.
3.Thatyouhadmethimbeforemakesmesurprised.
Thefirstgroupofwords,towintherace,doesnotcontainasubjectandapredicateofitsown.Itisthereforeaphrase.Thisphraseistheobjectoftheverb,winandthusitdoestheworkofanoun.Thusitiscalledanounphrase.
Thesecondgroupofwords,thatIshallwintherace,hasasubjectandapredicateofitsown.Itisthereforeaclause.Thisclauseistheobjectoftheverb,expect,anddoestheworkofanoun.Thereforeitiscalledanounclause.
Thethirdgroupofwords,thatyouhadmethimbefore,isthesubjectoftheverbmakes.Thereforeitisalsoanounclause.
2.Adjectiveclauses
Anadjectiveclauseisagroupofwordswhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateofitsownanddoestheworkofanadjective.
Let'sseethefollowingexampleswithspecialattentiontothepartsinitalics:
1.Thebagwitharedapplelogoismine
2. Thebagwhichhasaredapplelogoismine.
Thefirstgroupofwords,witharedapplelogo,describesthebagandthusdoestheworkofanadjective.Butithasnosubjectandaverbofitsown.Itisthereforeanadjectivephrase.
Thesecondgroupofwords,whichhasaredapplelogo,alsodescribesthebadandithasasubjectandapredicateofitsown.Itisthereforecalledanadjectiveclause.
3.Adverbclauses
Anadjectiveclauseisagroupofwordswhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateofitsownanddoestheworkofanadverb.
Let'sseethefollowingexampleswithspecialattentiontothepartsinitalics:
1.Johnstoppedworkingintheevening(When?
)
2.Johnstoppedworkingwhentheeveningcame(When?
)
Youwillnoticethatthebothgroupsofwordsdotheworkofanadverbastheymodifytheverb,stopped.Thefirstgroupofwords,intheevening,isanadverbphrasesinceithasnosubjectandpredicateofitsown.
Howeverthesecondgroupofwords,whentheeveningcame,hasasubjectandapredicateonitsownanditisthereforecalledanadverbclause.
NounClausesinComplexSentence
Wehaveseenthatanounclauseisatypeofdependentclauseswhichdoestheworkofanouninacomplexsentence.
Sinceanounclausedoestheworkofanouninacomplexsentence,itcanbe:
1.Thesubjectofaverb.
2.Theobjectofatransitiveverb.
3.Theobjectofapreposition.
4.Inappositiontoanounorpronoun.
5.Thecomplementofaverbofincompleteprediction.
Ineachofthefollowingcomplexsentences,thenounclauseisthesubjectoftheverb:
★Howhecouldassistmewashisconcern.
★Whetherwecanstartnextweekseemsuncertain.
★Thatyoudidsosurprisesme.
★WhatIsaidwastrue.
★Whenhewillreturnisuncertain.
★WhyAnnehungherselfismystery.
Ineachofthefollowingcomplexsentences,thenounclauseistheobjectofatransitiveverb:
★Pleasetellmewhyyoudidthis.
★Idonotknowwhenshewillreturn.
★Icannottellwhathasbecomeofhim.
★Iaskedthemanhowoldhewas.
★Hesaysthathewon’tleave.
★Ihopedthatitwasnottrue.
★Shedeniedthatshemethimyesterday.
★Tellmewhereyouliketolive.
★Nobodyknowswhoheis.
★Askifheisatoffice.
Ineachofthefollowingcomplexsentences,thenounclauseistheobjectofapreposition:
★Therewerenocomplaintsexceptthatthestartwasbittoolate.
★PayattentiontowhatIamnowgoingtosay.
★Thereisnomeaninginwhatyousaid.
Ineachofthefollowingcomplexsentences,thenounclauseisinappositiontoaNounorPronoun:
★Youshallneverforgetthis,thathonestyisthebestpolicy.
★Itwasunfortunatethatyouweresickthatday.
★Herconfessionthatyoufoundthemoneyinthestreetwillnotbebelieved.
★Hisbeliefthatsomedayhewouldsucceedmadehimdetermined.
★Itisfearedthattheywillnotreturn.
IneachofthefollowingComplexsentences,thenounclauseisusedasthecomplement(?
k?
mplim?
nt)ofaverbofincompletepredication:
★Herconstantbeliefwasthattheinfantmightlive.
★MywishisthatImaypleaseyou.
★Hisgreatfearisthathemaynotsucceed.
★Mybeliefisthatshewillnotcome.
★Lifeiswhatwemakeit.
★ThisiswhereIlive.
Aclausecomingafteraconstructionconsistingofanintransitiveverb(particularlytheverbtobe)andanadjectivedoestheworkofnounandis,therefore,treatedasanounclause.
Ineachthefollowingcomplexsentences,thenounclausecomesafteranintransitiveverbconstruction:
★Thesickmanwassurethathewouldrecoversomeday.
★Theboywasafraidthathewouldfalldown.
★Allofusaresokeenthatyoushouldsucceed.
★Theyfeltverysorrythattheylostthematchattheend.
FromtheaboveexamplesitwillbeseenthatanounclauseisgenerallyintroducedbythesubordinatingConjunctionthat.Sometimes,however,theconjunctionthatisomitted;as,
Iknow(that)youdidit.
Sometimes,insteadofanounclauseintroducedbythat,theaccusativewiththeinfinitiveisused.
★Hethoughtthathewassafethere.
Hethoughthimselftobesafethere.
★Ibelievedthathewasatruefriend.
Ibelievedhimtobeatruefriend.
★Thisprovedthatthemanhadstolenthehorse.
Thisprovedthemantohavestolenthehorse.
★WeknowthatRamaisalive.
WeknowRamatobealive.
AdjectiveClausesinComplexSentence
Aswehaveseen,anadjectiveclauseinacomplexsentenceisatypeofdependentclauseswhichdoestheworkofanadjectiveandsoqualifiessomenounorpronounintheindependentclause.
Anadjectiveclauseisintroducedbyarelativepronounorbyarelativeadverb;as,
★Uneasyliestheheadthatwearsacrown.
★Heisthemanwhomweallrespect.
★Thetimewhentheboatleavesisnotyetfixed.
★Thehousewheretheaccidentoccurredisnearby.
★ThereasonwhyIdiditisobvious.
Sometimes,however,arelativepronounintroducesacoordinateclause;as,
ImetAnne,who(=andhe)gavemethisletter.
He