届新高考英语一轮复习阅读理解专项训练4科教科普类.docx

届新高考英语一轮复习阅读理解专项训练4科教科普类.docx

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届新高考英语一轮复习阅读理解专项训练4科教科普类

2021届高考英语一轮复习阅读理解专项训练（4）

科教科普类

1.Oneinfivewomenandoneineightmenarebecomingmoretiredandlessproductive,accordingtoanewAustralianstudyonmobilephoneuse.

LedbytheQueenslandUniversityofTechnologyinAustralia,researcherssurveyed709mobilephoneusersacrossthecountryaged18to83andaskedthemaseriesofquestionsbasedonasimilarstudy13yearsago.Identifyingaphenomenon“technoference（科技干扰）”,researchersdiscoveredasignificantincreaseinpeopleblamingtheirdevicesfor“losingsleep,becominglessproductiveandevengettingmoreachesandpains”.

Accordingtothestudy'sleadauthorDrOscar,theissueissobadthat24percentofwomenand15percentofmenarenowconsideredtobe“problematicmobilephoneusers”.“Whenwetalkabouttechnoferencewe'rereferringtotheeverydayintrusions（侵入）andinterruptionsthatpeopleexperienceduetomobilephonesandtheirusage,”hesaid.“Oursurveyfoundtechnoferencehadincreasedamongmenandwomen.Forexample,self-reportsrelatingtothelossofsleepandproductivityshowedthatthesenegativeoutcomeshadsignificantlyincreasedduringthelast13years.Thisfindingsuggeststhatmobilephonesarepotentiallyincreasinglyaffectingaspectsofdaytimefunctioningduetolackofsleep.”

Comparedtoa2005study,“technoference”issuesfor18-to24-year-oldsexperiencedasurprising40.9percentrise,whilethoseaged25to29alsorecordedadramaticincreaseof23.5percent.

Oscarsaidthatwiththenumberofsmartphoneusersaroundtheworldexpectedtosurpass2.5billionbeforetheendofthisyear,theproblemof"technoference"couldgetevenworse.“Thespeedanddepthofsmartphonetake-upmakesourpopulationparticularlyvulnerabletosomeofthenegativeconsequencesofhighmobilephoneuse,”hesaid.“Rapidtechnologicalinnovationshaveledtodramaticchangesintoday'smobilephonetechnology,whichcanimprovethequalityoflifeforphoneusersbutalsoresultinsomenegativeoutcomes.”

1.Howarepeopleaffectedbytechnoferenceaccordingtothetext?

A.Itmakespeopleaddictedtocommunicatingonline.

B.Itpushespeopletoworkatafastpace.

C.Itcausespeopletosleeplessatnight.

D.Itbringsnegativeoutcomestopeopleofallages.

2.Whichgrouparemostinfluencedbysmartphones?

A.Youngwomen.B.Youngmea.C.Children.D.Seniors.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"vulnerable"inparagraph5probablymean?

A.Widelyspread.B.Deeplydevoted.C.Easilyhurt.D.Absolutelyaccustomed.

4.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.Theincreasingsideeffectsofsmartphones.B.Waystosolvetechnoferenceproblem.

C.Smartphonesandpeople'shappiness.D.Thepopularityofsmartphones.

2.Doyouhaveimagination?

Doyouliketosolveproblems?

Canyou?

Ifso,youcouldbethenextgreatinventor."ButI’mjustakid,"youmightsay!

Don’tworryaboutalittlethinglikeage.Forexample,onefamousinventor—BenjaminFranklin—gothisstartwhenhewasonly12.Atthatyoungage,hecreatedpaddlesforhishandstohelphimswimfaster.Finallyhiscreationledtowhatweknowiscalledflippers!

Soyoudon’thavetobeanadulttobeaninventor.Onethingyoudoneed,though,issomethingthatkidshaveplentyof:

curiosityandimagination.Kidsareknownforlookingatthingsinnewanduniqueways.

Sowhatshouldyoudoifyouhavewhatisagreatideaforaninvention?

Talktoafriendorfamilymemberaboutit.Getinputfromothersaboutyouridea.Thenaskthemtohelpyoucreateaworkingmodel—calledaprototype（原型）—ofyouridea.

Onceyouhaveaprototype,youcantestit.Sometimesyourideaturnsouttobenotasgreatasyouthought.Atothertimes,though,yourealizeitisagoodideaandyourprototypecanhelpyoufigureouthowtomakeitevenbetter.

Ifyourideaisreallyagoodone,anadultcanhelpyoucontactcompaniesthatmightbeinterestedinit.Youwillalsowantanadult’shelptogetapatent（专利权）foryouridea,sothatitisprotectedandcan’tbestolenbysomeoneelse.Ifyouneedsomeinspiration,considerthesekidsandtheirinventions:

JeanieLowinventedtheKiddieStoolwhenshewasjust11.It’safoldingstoolthatfitsunderthekitchensink.Kidscanunfolditanduseittoreachthesinkallbythemselves.

Attheageof15,LouisBrailleinventedthesystemnamedafterhimthatallowstheblindtoread.

ChelseaLanmonreceivedapatentwhenshewasjust8forthe"pocketdiaper",anewtypeofdiaperthatincludesapocketforholdingbabywipesandpowder.

1.Bysaying"ButI’mjustakid",youprobablymeansyou_____.

A.aretooyoungtoachieveanythingB.candoanythingthoughyouareyoung

C.areoldenoughtobecomeaninventorD.havetolearnknowledgefromotherpeople

2.Kidsaremostlikelytobeinventorsprobablybecausethey_____.

A.wouldliketomakefriendswithothersB.usuallyworkhardattheirlessonsatschool

C.likeplayingallkindsoftoysathomeD.thinkaboutthingsinquitedifferentways

3.Whoinventedsomethingthathelpstheblindtoread?

A.JeanieLow.B.BenjaminFranklin.C.ChelseaLanmon.D.LouisBraille.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?

A.Kidshavecuriosityandimagination.B.Therearesomeworldfamousinventors.

C.Kidsareexactlylikeadultsinaway.D.Itispossibleforkidstobeinventors.

3.Seaurchins（海胆）aresmallcreatures,butwhat'sreallyremarkableaboutthemisthattheyeatanythingthathappenstofloatby.Theyhavereallysharpteeththeyusetoridrocksofalgae（海藻）,whichmakesthemprettyvaluableespeciallyinplaceslikeHawaiiwherealgaearethreateningthecoralreefs（珊瑚礁）.Inthesummerof2019,500,000ofthemwereusedtodealwiththealgae.

Theproblemstalledwhennon-nativealgaewereintroducedtotheecosystemofKāne'oheBayinthe1970s.Becausetheyhadnoenemies,theyendeduptakingoverthebay,accordingtotheNationalMarineFisheriesService（NMFS）.Thealgaeblockedsunlightfromreachingthecoral,whichinturnaffectedthelocalfishbecausetheychangedthechemistryofthewater.

That'swhentheNMFSturnedtoseaurchinsthatlovedtodevourthealgae.Buttheyhadtogrowtothesizeofacherrytomatobeforetheycouldbeused.Since2011,seaurchinshavebeengrownandusedtohandlethealgaeproblem.Someofthefundsareavailableduetoanunfortunateincident.

In2005,ashipwasgroundedonashallowreefnearKāne'oheBay.Whentheshipwasremoved,20acresofreefshavebeendamaged.Whenthereisenvironmentaldamage,theNMFSandotheragenciesreceivefundsfromthewrongdoersandthefundsareusedtorestorethedamage.Somefundswerespentonotherprojectsliketheseaurchins.ThestateofHawaiibegantogrowtheseaurchins.Whentheyarelargeenough,diverscarefullyplacethemonthereef.

Algaeisn'ttheonlythingthatthreatensthecoralreefs.Climatechangeandtheeffectsoffishingandtourismintheareaalsoendangerthecoralreefs.Butturningtoseaurchinsinsteadofman-madesolutionsseemslikethebestwaytogo.

1.Whyareseaurchinsregardedasoutstandingcreatures?

A.Theyaretinybuthaveteeth.B.Theycankeeptheoceanclean.

C.Theyareusefulinremovingharmfulalgae.D.Theygrowoncoralreefswithalgae.

2.Whathappenedafternon-nativealgaearrivedatKāne‘oheBay?

A.Theyhelpedthecoralreefstosurvive.B.Theyspreadtoeverycornerofthebay.

C.Theydidn’tfitinwiththenewsurroundings.D.Theyfoughtagainstotherspeciestogetfood.

3.Whichwordcanreplacetheunderlinedword"devour"inparagraph3?

A.Eat.B.Block.C.Attack.D.Attract.

4.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestdoingtosavecoralreefs?

A.Relyingonhumans’solutions.B.Banningfishingandtourism.

C.Employingdiverstohandlealgae.D.Lettingnaturetakecareofnature.

4.Acrucialperiodforlearningtherulesandstructureofalanguagelastsuptoaroundage17or18,saypsychologistJoshuaHartshorneofMITandhiscolleagues.

Previousresearchhadsuggestedthatgrammar-learningabilitydevelopedinearlychildhoodbeforehittingadeadendaroundage5.However,Hartshorne’steamreportsonlineinCognitionthatpeoplewhostartedlearningEnglishasasecondlanguageinanEnglish-speakingcountrybyage10to12ultimatelymasteredthenewtongueaswellasfolkswhohadlearnedEnglishandanotherlanguageatthesametimefrombirth.Bothgroups,however,fellsomewhatshortofthegrammaticalfluencydisplayedbyEnglish-onlyspeakers.Afterages10to12,new-to-EnglishlearnersreachedlowerlevelsoffluencythanthosewhostartedlearningEnglishatyoungeragesbecausetimeranoutwhentheirgrammar-absorbingabilityfellstartingaroundage17.

Aimingforasampleoftensofthousandsofvolunteers,HartshornebeganbycontactingfriendsonFacebooktotakeanonlineEnglishgrammarquiz,whichusedaperson’sresponsestoguesshisorhernativelanguageanddialect（方言）ofEnglish.Thenvolunteersfilledoutaquestionnaireaskingwheretheyhadlived,languagestheyhadspokenfrombirth,theageatwhichtheybeganlearningEnglishandthenumberofyearstheyhadlivedinanEnglish-speakingcountry.

Intheend,theresearchersanalyzedresponsesof669,498nativeandnonnativeEnglishspeakers.StatisticalcalculationsfocusedonestimatingatwhatagespeoplewithvaryingamountsofexperiencepeakingEnglishreachedpeakgrammarability.

Researcherswhostudylanguagelearningregardthenewstudyasfascinating,butexploratory.AccordingtopsycholinguistDavidBarneroftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,Hartshorne’steamcan’tyetsaythatlanguageskilldevelopsalongasingletimeline.Differentelementsofgrammar,suchasusingcorrectwordorderorsubjectsandverbsthatagreewitho