研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版.docx

研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版.docx

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研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版

READINGSELECTIONA

TheFunctionsandEffectsofMusic

BySamuelL.Becker

function（s）:

（1）vt.;

（2）n.功能、功效

Givenname;sir-name/Christianname/Familyname/lastname

effect->effective<->efficient->efficiency（n.）

[1]Youarewellawareof（=realize）thefactthatbooks,newspapers,magazines,motionpictures（film/movie）,radio,andtelevisionhavebeenusedfor（dissuade<->persuade）persuasivepurposes:

tosellbeerandsoap（~watch）,ideasandpoliticalcandidates;tobringabout（cause/leadto）socialchangeortoquell（=suppress）arevolution.Fewofusthinkaboutmusicorrecordingsbeingusedforthesepurposes,buttheyareandhavebeenforalongtime.

[2]Everywarhashaditssongsthatwhippedup（arouse）patrioticfervor（=enthusiasm）or,inthecase（example）oftheVietnamWar,thatencouragedprotestagainstit.Sometitles（names）ofrecordspopularinthiscountry（theUSA）duringWorldWarIIsuggest（show）theextent（degree）ofthemobilizationoftherecordingindustryforthewareffort（n.）:

"RememberPearlHarbor","HavetoSlapThatDirtyLittleJap","There'saStarSpangledBannerWavingSomewhere","AnyBondsToday",and"'Roundand'RoundHitler'sGrave".

[Bonds:

[C]bond（betweenAandB）somethingthatformsaconnectionbetweenpeopleorgroups,suchasafeelingoffriendshiporsharedideasandexperiences:

e.g.Abondoffriendshiphadbeenforgedbetweenthem.E.g.Theagreementstrengthenedthebondsbetweenthetwocountries.E.g.thespecialbondbetweenmotherandchild]

[3]Theanti-Vietnamprotestsofthesixtiesandearlyseventiesbroughtforth（=broughtabout）quiteanotherkindofsong.Onewas"BigMuddy",aboutagroupofsoldiersblindlyfollowingtheircommandingofficerintoariverwheremanyweredrowned.Those（=thosepeople）whosangandheardthesongknewthatthe"BigMuddy"referredtoVietnamandthecommandertoPresidentLyndonJohnson,andtheirantiwarpassionswereintensified（=strengthened）."WhereHaveAlltheFlowersGone","TheTimes,TheyareA-Changin'",and"GivePeaceaChance"wereotherpopularsongswhoserecordingswerewidelyplayedandusedtobuild（arouse）resistancetothewar.

[4]Musicisusednotonlytoadd（increase）persuasivebitsofinformationforthemessages（belief）inourheadsaboutwar.Persuasivemusicplaysanimportantrole（part）inpeacetimealso（too）."WeShallOvercome"wasatremendously（great）importantforceinthecivilrightsmovement,justasthefolk（=people）songsofJoanBaez,PeteSeeger,andWoodyGuthriehavebeenimportanttothepeacemovement.Inrecenttimes,musichasbeenusedtoraisemoneyaswellas（=and）consciousness（conscience）forvariouscauses（vt./n.事业）.TheLiveAid（help）,FarmAid,BandAid,andUSAforAfricaconcerns（worries/relief）andrecordingsessions（=concerts）raisedfunds[

（1）n.资金；

（2）vt.资助]forsuchcausesasfaminerelief（relieve）inAfricaanddestitute（poor）Americanfarmers.

[5]Somewhat（=alittle/<->somehow=forreasonsunknown）furtherbackinthiscountry'shistory,theradicalleftadopted（used/madeuseof）manyoldNegrospirituals（songs）tocommunicateitsmessage（thought）effectively."WeShallNotBeMoved",forexample,wasadopted（~child）astheofficialsongoftheradicalSouthernTenantFarmersUnioninthe1930s.Inthe1930salso,"Gimme（Gee,Wow）ThatOldTimeReligion"wastransformed（turned）into"GimmeThatNewCommunistSpirit".Thatsort（kind）ofadaptationofsongs—givingthemnewlyrics（words）--hasbeenafavoritetactic（strategy）ofmanygroupswhowanttousemusicforpersuasivepurposes.Theidea（belief）istotakeasongthatpeoplelikeorthathasparticularmeaning（significance）oremotionalassociationforthemanduseitwithnewwords,hopingthatsomeoftheliking（favor）,meaning,oremotionalassociationswilltransfertothenewideasbeingcommunicated.Anditoftenworks.

Threats（->threaten）ofCensorship

[6]Suchpoliticalusesofmusichavenevercausedmuchcontroversy（->controversial）inthiscountry（theUSA）.Therehasbeensomepressureattimes（often）tokeepcertainanti-warsongsorsongsassociatedwiththeradicalleftofftheair,butthispressurehasbeenneitherstrongnorpersistent.Farmorepressureandcontroversy（resistance）hasbeenarousedbythelyricsofsomeofthepopularsongsofthelasttwentyorthirtyyears.Manycriticshavecharged（beinchargeofsth.）thatcertainrock-and-rollsongsencouragesexualpromiscuityandtheuseofdrugs.[dragking堕落之王]Rightly（just）orwrongly,thedressandantics（unusualbehavior）ofsomeoftherockmusicstars,bothonandoffthestage,reinforce（confirm）thesebeliefs.Asaresult,anumberofcommunityandnationalgroupshaveappliedpressureonstationstokeepthesesongsandperformersofftheair.ThesechargesalsostimulatedinvestigationsbytheFederalCommunicationsCommission（->committee;SingaporeHighTradeCommission）,theregulatoryagencychargedwithoverseeing（supervising）broadcastpractices（经营行为）.TheFCChastakentheposition,unpopularwithmanybroadcasters,thatthestationlicenseehasthesamepublicserviceresponsibilityinselectingandrejectingmusictobeplayedonthestationasithasinselectingandrejectinganyothercontentofthestation.TheFCCposition（=attitude）isthatthestationshouldexercise（vt.）thesame（supervise->）supervisionofwhatissungonthestationasofwhatissaid.Inageneralsense（=generallyspeaking）,thisisareasonablepositionandtheonlyonetheFCCcouldtake,given（=ifconsiderationisgiventothefactthat…就…而言）presentlaw.Aproblemarises（occurs）withtheinterpretation（explanation）ofthisinjunction（law）,however.Doesit（law）meanastationshouldpermitnolanguageorideasinasongthatitwouldnotpermitonthenewsorinasportsprogram?

Ordoesitmeanthestationshouldrecognize（realize）thatdifferentformsofcommunicationorentertainment,orprogramsdesignedfordifferentkindsofaudiences,shouldhavedifferentstandardsconcerning（about）languageandideas?

Thisissue（problem）isstillfarfrom（being）settled.

[7]Havingbeenlargelyunsuccessfulinkeepingsexuallysuggestivesongsorsongsthatseemtobepromotingdruguseofftheair,someparents'groupsinrecentyearshavebeenattempting（trying）toforce（make）companiestolabeltheirrecordingsinthesamewayfilmcompaniesnowlabelmotionpictures.The（assume->）assumption（belief）isthatsuchlabelswillprovideparentswithinformationtheyneedtocontrolthekindsofmusictowhichtheiryoungchildrenareexposed（beexposedtosth.）.Oneofthemajorpressuregroupsinvolvedinthisattempt（try）istheParentsMusicResourceCenterbasedinWashington,D.C.Theleadersinthisgroupincludethewivesofsomepowerfulcongressmenandothergovernmentofficials,soitistakenseriouslybyleadersinthemusicindustry.Theconcern（worry）ofmanypeopleinthemusicbusiness,though（however）,isthatthelabelingbeingadvocatedcouldbejustafirststeptowardotherformsofcontrolorcensorship.

takesth.seriously（adv.）<->takeiteasy（adj.）

TheImpact（influence）ofRecordingsonOurPerceptions（perceive/understanding）

[8]Whateverthedirecteffectsofmusicalrecordingsonourattitudesandbehaviors（are）,theyarecertainlyanever-present（=everlasting）andimportantpartofourcommunicationenvironment,andtheycontributetotherealitiesinourheads.Noonewholistenedtopopularmusicduringthe1980scouldescape（=avoid;canhelpfromthinking）theperception（understanding）thatdrugswereamajorfactorinthelivesofmanypeople.Popularmusicoftheearly1970scontributedto（ledto）thebeliefthatmostpeopleopposedthewarinVietnam.Thesemessages,sneakingintoconsciousnessfromthebackgroundmusicaroundus,formedanimportantpartofourcommunicationmosaics,justasthemessagesintoday'smusicformanimportantpartofourpresentcommunicationmosaics.

TheRoleofMusicinIdentificationandRebellion

（IDcard:

IdentityCard;studentID学生证）

[9]Popularmusichastwoothermajorfunctionsoreffects.Itprovideseachgenerationofyoungpeopleacommonandcherished（valued）experience.Yearslater,thesoundofthatmusiccanbringstrangerstogetherandstimulate（aroused）memoriesofthatearlierera（time）.Vivid（evident->）evidenceofthemeaningfulnessofsuchexperiencescanbeseenbywatchingthetouristswhoareattractedtoGraceland,ElvisPresley'sformerhomeandnowthesiteofhisgraveinMemphis.Acommonsightthereisthemiddle-agedmarriedcouplebringingtheirchildrentoseeand,theyhope,tofeelsomeofthespecialmagicPresleycreatedforthemduringtheircourtshipandearlymarriedyears.

[10]Anothermajorfunctionpopularmusicservesisthe（provide->）provisionofarelativelyharmlesssource（tool/means/measure）ofrebellionfortheyoung.Eachgenerationofyounghasitsownmusic,almost[vary:

（vi.）-variable（a.）->variable->]invariably（=always）unappreciated（unenjoyed）byparents,justasparents'favoritemusicwasunappreciatedbytheirparents（grandparents）.Thismusicisimportantinpart（=partially）becauseolderpeopledonotlikeit,andinpartbecausedemonstrating（showing）one'sloveofitispartoftheritual（ceremony）ofaffiliation（connection）withpeers（colleague同行/同类/college）.

[11]Oneauthorhassuggested（said）thatpopularmusicalsoserves（functionsas）a"riteofpassage"functionforyounggirls.Theteenage（younggirls）singing（worshipping）idolsmayserveasnon-threateningsubstitutesforactualboysuntilboys'maturationcatchesupwiththat（maturation）ofgirlsandsomesemblance（sth.Like/sth.similar）ofeasy（natural/comfortable）boy-girlrelationsh