词汇学讲义DOC.docx

词汇学讲义DOC.docx

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词汇学讲义DOC

ACourseofEnglishLexicology

Chapter1BasicConceptofWordsandVocabulary

1.1Thedefinitionofword（p.1）

Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasgivensound,meaningandsyntacticalfunction.

1.2Whatisvocabulary?

（p.2）

Vocabularyreferstoallthewordsinalanguageandallthewordsofaperson,abook,aperiodoftime,agroupofpeople,etc.

1.3Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning（p.3）

1.Theconnectionbetweenthesoundandmeaningisarbitrary.

2.Therelationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaningisconventional.

1.4Thereasonsfortheoccurrenceofthedifferencesbetweensound（form）and（written）form（p.3）

1.TheEnglishalphabetwasfromLatin.Eachlettercouldn’tbeusedtocopyonesoundinnumbercorrespondently.

2.Oralformdevelopsfasterthanthewrittenformoveryears.

3.Itiseasierforbeingrecognizedinhandwritingbecauseofthescribes.

4.Printingtechniquewidensthegap,i.e.Printingmachinesfixthewrittenform.

5.Borrowingsmakethegapwider.

1.5Classificationofwords（p.5）

1.5.1Basicwordstockandnon-basicvocabularybyusefrequency

1.5.1.1Basicwordstock（p.5）

Definition:

Itreferstothewordsthatareusedmostfrequently,formthefoundationofthevocabularyovercenturiesandbecomethecoreofthelanguage

Characteristics:

1.Allnationalcharacter---allthepeopleusetheminallkindsofconditions

2.Stability---thewordsarestableinarelativelongtime

3.Productivity---Veryeasilypeoplecanusethemtocreatenewwords.

4.Polysemy---thewordsofthestockareusuallypolysemic.

5.Collocability---thewordsareeasilyusedwithotherelementstohavenewmeanings

1.5.1.2Non-basicvocabulary（p.7）

Definition:

Itreferstothewordsthatareusedbypartofpeopleorinspecialplace,fieldetc.（withoutallnationalcharacter）

Categoriesofthenon-basicvocabulary

1.Terminology

Definition

Itreferstotheformalwordsthatareusedbyscientistsintheirscientificwork.

2.Jargon

Definition

Itreferstotheinformalwords,specializedortechnicallyusedbythepeopleofthesametrade,profession,art,science,etc.inthework.

3.Slang

Definition

Itreferstotheinformalwordsoccurringchieflyincasualandplayfulspeech,madeupofshort-livedcoinageandfigureofspeechmainlyusedbyyoungpeopleinplaceofstandardterms.

4.Argot

Definition

Itreferstotheinformalwordsthatareusedbythecriminalsinspecialconditions

5.Dialectalwords

Definition

Theyrefertotheinformalwordsusedbythepeopleofthesameregion.（ForEnglishlanguage,theycanbedefinedas:

Dialectalwordsarethewordswhichareusedbythepeopleofthesamecountry,orthesameregion.）

6.Archaisms

Definition

Theyaretheformalwordsusedbyscholarsinliteraturestudy,butintheancienttimetheywereusedwidely.

7.Neologisms

Definition

Theyaretheneutralwordswithnewandspecialized（usuallytechnical）meaningusedbyyoungpeopleinspecialconditionsinthedailylife.

1.5.2Contentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion（p.10）

1.5.2.1Contentwords/fullwords/notionalwords

Definition:

Theyrefertothewordsthatarefullinmeaning,bothingrammaticalfunctionandlexicalmeaning.

Categories:

1.noun2.verb,3.adjective,4.adverb5.numeral

1.5.2.2Functionalwords/emptywords/formwords

Definition

Theyrefertothewordswhichtelltherelationshipamongwordsinthesentenceoramongsentences.

（Theyarethewordsthataremoreimportantingrammaticalmeaningthaninlexicalmeaning.）

Categories:

1.preposition2.article3.conjunction4.auxiliaries

1.5.3nativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin（p.10）

1.5.3.1Nativewords

Definition

TheyrefertothewordsthatwerebroughtintoBritainwhenAnglesandSaxonssettleddownintheGreatBritain.

Characteristics

1.TheyhaveallthecharacteristicsthatthewordsoftheBasicWordStockhave.

2.Theyareneutralinstyle.（neitherformalnorinformal）

3.Theyarefrequentinuse

1.5.3.2borrowedwords/borrowings/loanwords（p.12）

Definition

TheyarethewordsthatareborrowedfromtheotherlanguagesafterthesettlementofAnglesandSaxonsintheGreatBritain.

Classes:

1.Denizens

Definition

Theyarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilated（bothinspellingandsound）intotheEnglishlanguage.

2.Aliens

Definition

Theyarethewordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.

3.Translationloans

Definition

TheyarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialinEnglishlanguagebutmodeledortranslatedonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

1）translateaccordingtosound

e.g.tea---fromMandarin“ch’a”

karate---fromJapanese“karate”（kara---empty;te---hand）

2）translateaccordingtomeaning

e.g.mothertongue---fromLatin“linguamaternal”

4.semanticloans

Definition

TheyrefertotheexistingEnglishwordsthathaveacquirednewmeaningsunderinfluenceoftheotherlanguages.

e.g.1.dream（ModernE）asequenceofsensations,images,thoughts,etc.passingthroughasleepingperson’smind

dream,（O.E）joy,music

draumr（ON）todeceive

2.bloom（ModernE）flowerscollectively,asofaplant（观赏植物的花）;blossom（果树的花）

blom（ME）swell（增大）,sprout（发芽）

blomi（ON）flowersandfoliageontrees

Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

2.1classificationsoftheworldlanguages（p.16）

2.1.1Syntheticlanguageandanalyticlanguageaccordingtogrammar（notinthetextbook）

1.Syntheticlanguage

Definition:

Syntheticlanguageisthelanguagewiththewordsthemselvesshowingtherelationshipwithotherwordsinthesamesentencebytheendvariations（or:

inflection）.（GermanyandRussianareinthisclass.）

e.g.NerointerfecitAgrippinam=AgrippinaminterfecitNero.

（Nero---nominativecase;Agrippinam---accusativecase）

2.Analyticlanguage

Definition

Analyticlanguageisalanguageinwhichtherelationshipofawordwithotherwordsinthesamesentenceisdecidedbythewordorderandbytheuseofprepositions.（EnglishandChineseareinthisgroup）.

2.1.2Languagefamiliesaccordingtothesimilaritiesofsomewordsinvocabulary（p.16）

TwoofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily

1.Romancelanguages/Latinlanguages/Italianlanguages:

Portuguese,Spanish,French,ItalianandRomanian

2.Germaniclanguages/Teutoniclanguages:

Norwegian,Icelandic,Danish,Swedish（Scandinavians）,German,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish

2.2ThreephasesofthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishlanguage（p.18）

2.2.1OldEnglish

Time:

450---1150

EventsandlanguagesinfluenceEnglish:

1.SettlementofAnglesandSaxons（450）---DialectsofAnglesandSaxons---dailylifewords

2.IntroductionofRomanCatholicChurch（6thcentury）---Latin---religiouswordsanddailylifewords

3.InvasionofVikings---（9thcentury）---Scandinavians---dailylifewordsandwordsforthearmy

2.2.2MiddleEnglish

Time:

1150---1500

EventsandlanguagesinfluenceEnglish:

1.NormanConquest（11thcentury）---French;Latin----dailylifewords,academicwordsandpoliticalwords

2.ForeigntradewithDutch（15thcentury）----Dutch---wordsaboutforeigntrade

2.2.3.ModernEnglish（p.22）

Time:

1500---now

EventsandlanguagesinfluenceEnglish:

1.Renaissance（16thcentury）---Latinwords,Greekwords---highlylearnedwords

2.IndustrialRevolution（18thcentury）---wordsfromallthelanguagesoftheworld---thewordsofallkinds

Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords

3.1Morphemes（p.43）

Definition:

Morphemeisthesmallest/minimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage.

3.2Morphsandallomorphs（p.44）

3.2.1Morph（形素）

Definition

Morphisusedtorealizeamorphemeinthewordstructureanalysis.

c.f.*Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.

*Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.）

3.2.2Allomorph

Definition:

Allomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme

3.3Classifyingmorphemes

3.3.1Freemorphemesandboundmorphemes（bygrammar）（p.45）

1.Freemorpheme

Definition

Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentence.

2.Boundmorphemes

Definition

Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsandareboundtotheothermorphemestoformnewwordsortoperformparticulargrammaticalfunctions.

3.3.2Derivationalmorphemesandinflectionalmorphemes（byfunctions）（p.46）

1.Derivationalmorphemes

Definition

Derivationalmorphemesarethemorphemesusedtoderivenewwords.

2.Inflectionalmorphemes

Definition

Inflectionalmorphemesarethemorphemesusedasgrammaticalmarkersindicatingthesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsinasamesentence.（Theyareincludedonlyintheboundmorphemes.）

3.3.3Contentmorphemesandgrammaticalmorphemes（bynotion）（p.48）

1.Contentmorphemes

Definition

Contentmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwords.（Thesemorphemes,whetherfreeorbound,shouldhavelexicalcontent.）

2.Grammaticalmorphemes

Definition

Grammaticalmorphemesaremorphemesfunctioningasgrammaticalmarkersincludinginflectionalaffixesandfreemorphemes

3.4.Identifyingmorphemes（p.48）

3.5.Termsaboutword-formation（p.49）

3.5.1affix

Definition

Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodify（lexical）meaningor（grammatical）function

Classification

1.Bythepositionsinthewords（p.49）

1）Prefixes

Definition

Prefixesaretheaffixeswhichareattachedtothefrontpartsofthewords.

2）Suffixes

Definition

Suffixesaretheaffixeswhichareatt