Tkalulator 使用手册英文.docx

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Tkalulator使用手册英文

TkalulatorUsermanual

Calculationmodes

Mode

Sothattheoperationsarecarriedoutintheeasiestwaypossible,thecalculationmaybeprocessedincertainmodes.

Youshouldselecttheappropriatecalculationmodeaccordingtothetypeofoperationthatwilltakeplace.

Compmode(computationalmode)

Mode+

Generalcalculationswherevaluesreenteredmanually,includingscientificcalculations.

SDmode(statisticalDataMode)

Mode×

Inputdatamodeforstatisticalpurposes(statisticswithtwovariables)

LRmode(linearregressionMode)

Mode/

Regressioncalculations(statisticswithtwovariables)

CPLXmode(complexnumbersmode)

Mode-

Calculationswithcomplexnumbers(includingscientificfunctioncalculations).

Manualcalculations

Example

(4.5×1075)×(-2.3×10-79)

4.5(E)75(×)(-)2.3(E)(-)79(ENTER)

Result:

1.035×10-3

Retrievingtheresultofthelastcalculation

OnceobtainedtheresultofacalculationbypressingtheENTERkey,iftheresultisvisualizedcanbesuedinlatercalculations.

Example

3×4=12,followedby/3.14

3(×)4(ENTER)

Result:

12

(followedby)/3.14(ENTER)

Result:

3.821656051

Itisalsopossibletoretrievethelastresultobtainedanduseitwithinacalculationformula.

Toinserttheresultofthelastcalculationonacalculationformulapress.

(shift1)(ans)(ENTERbutton)

Example

Performthecalculationof123+456,followedby789-579(thatistheresultofthepreviouscalculation).

123(+)456(ENTER)

789(-)(shift1)(ans)(ENTER)

Result:

210

Constantsandfunctions

Functions

Toopenthelistofavailablefunctionstouseincalculationwithrealandcomplexnumbers,press

(func)

Intheopenedfunctionslist,clickonthefunctionstobeusedanditwillbeinsertedatthecursorpositionoftheformulabeingedited.

Constants

Toopenthelistofavailableconstants,press

(shift1)(func)

Historylistofcalculations

Allcalculationsmadebytheuserarebeingwritteninasequentiallistwithformulasandresults.thesecalculationsandformulascanburetrievedandinsertedintothenewcalculationswherenecessary.

Toviewthehistorylistofcalculationspress

(hist)

Youcanalsoeditanyvaluefromthislist.suchaschangingtheformulaanditsresult,deleteitfromthelistorgetbasicstatisticsoftheresultsofthecalculation(sum,average,standarddeviation.etc.).

Toeraseallcalculationsformthehistorylist,press

(shift1)(Mcl)(DELbutton)

Thehistorylistisalsoclearedwhenevertheapplicationisrestarted.

 

Datainputforstatisticalprocessingwith2variables

SelecttheSDmode(statisticaldatamode)

(mode)(x)

Example

EnterthefollowingX/Ydataforstatisticalprocessing;

X

Y

50

122

53

118

54

128

55

121

56

125

59

136

62

144

65

142

67

149

71

161

InSDmodepress

50(ENTER)122(ENTER)

53(ENTER)118(ENTER)

54(ENTER)128(ENTER)

Andsoonuntilallthedataisentered.

Toviewthecompetelistofdataentered,inSDmodepress

(shift1)(XYdata)(histbutton)

Toeraseallstatisticdatafromthelist,press

(shift1)(Scl)(ACbutton)

Unlikewhathappenswiththelistofhistoricalcalculations,thestatisticaldatalistispersistentwhenevertheapplicationisrestartedagain.

Linearregressionanalysis

Withthedataofthetwostatisticalvariablesintroducedyouwillbeabletodoalinearregressionanalysis.Observinggraphicallytheregressionlinewithhisconfidenceintervallimitsforagivenlevelofconfidenceandstudytheregressiondatainatabularform.

YoucanalsovalidatetheregressionmodelbytheT-TestmethodandbytheAnalysisOfVariance(ANOVA)method.

Toexecutetheregressionanalysisdothefollowingsteps:

1.selecttheSDmode(statisticaldatemode)

(mode)(x)

2.openthestatisticaldatelistpagebypressing

(shift1)(XYdata)(histbutton)

3.intheXYdatalistpagepress

(linearRegressionAnalysis)

T-Testvalidation

ToruntheT-Testtovalidatetheregressionmodel,presstheapplicationmenubarandselectT-Test.

theT-Testareusedtoconducthypothesistestsontheregressioncoefficientsobtainedinsimplelinerregression.Astatisticbasedonthet-distributionisusedtotestthetwo-sidedhypothesisthatthetruestope,B,equalssomeconstantvalue,B0.thestatementsforthehypothesistestexpressedas:

H0:

B=B0

H1:

B≠B0

FailuretorejectH0:

B=B0impliesthatnolinearrelationshipexistsbetween“X”and“Y”.

theT-Testiscarriedoutonthebasisofaconfidenceinterval(definedbyasignificanceleve).

FormoreinformationonthewebabouttheT-Testclickhere...

Analysisofvariance(ANOVA)

ToruntheANOVAtesttovalidatetheregressionmodel,presstheapplicationmenubarandselect“Analysisofvariance”

Theanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)isanothermethodtotestforthesignificanceofregression,Asthenameimplies,thisapproachusesthevarianceoftheobserveddatatodetermineifaregressionmodelcanbeappliedtotheobserveddata.theobservedvarianceispartitionedintocomponentsthatarethenusedinthetestforsignificanceofregression.TotestthehypothesisH0:

B=0(meansnullslop),thestatisticusedisbasedontheF-distribution.RememberagainthattheH0hypothesismustberejected,sothatthemodelcanbeconsideredvalid.

(Bistherealslopeoftheregressionline)

FormoreinformationonthewebabouttheANOVAmethodclickhere...

 

Workingwiththeregressiondata

Youcanembedtheregressionparametersinanycalculationformula.Suchastheregressioncoefficient(“r”),theslopetheregressionline(“b”),theinterceptionoftheregressionlinewiththeYaxis(“a”),thesumofXorY,etc...

TodothatyouhavetoselecttheLRmode(linerregressionmode)

(mode)(/)

InLRmode,usesheshift1orshift2keystoincorporatetheregressionparametersinthecalculationformulacurrentlybeingedited.

(thenextexamplesresultsarebasedonthedataenteredinthepreviousexample.)

Example:

Multiplytheslopeoftheregressionlineby5(B×5)(hereBistheestimatedslopeofthetheregressionline)

(shift1)8(×)5(ENTER)

Result:

9.935653

Example:

Addthe[sumofX]to(5×[sumofY])

(∑X+5×∑Y)

(shift2)2(+)5(×)(shift2)5(ENTER)

Result:

7322

Calculateestimatedvaluesbaseontheregressionline

IfnotalreadyinLRmode,selecttheLRmode

(mode)(/)

TocalculateestimatedvaluesofXpress

(shift1)(X)

TocalculateestimatedvaluesofYpress

(shift1)(/)

Example:

CalculatetheestimatedvalueofXforY=130

(Y=130)

(shift1)(×)130(ENTER)

Result:

56.88510434

Example:

CalculatetheestimatedvalueofYforX=60

(X=60)

(shift1)(/)60(ENTER)

Result:

136.18970448

 

Calculationswithcomplexnumbers

AComplexnumberisanumberthathasarealpartandanimaginarypart,andcanberepresentedintheform“a+bi”,where“a”iscalledtherealpart.“b”theimaginarypartand“i”iscalledtheimaginaryunit,beingi2=-1,thecalculatoralsosupportstheintroductionofComplexnumberinpolarform“rAθ”,where“r”isthemagnitudeand“θ”istheangleofthevectorindegreeswiththeaxisoftheRealComplexinthetwo-dimensionalComplexplane.

Note:

rememberthatthecomplexnumbersinpolarformintroductioninthecalculatorexpression,areassumedtohavetheangleindegrees.

TheavailablefunctionsforcalculationswithComplexnumbershavethesamenameofitshomologousfunctionforRealnumbers,precededbytheprefix“c”(“c”fromcomplex).forexample,thefunction“sin”forRealnumbersiscalled“csin”forComplexnumbersandsoon.ThedifferencebetweenthesefunctionsisthattheformeronlyacceptsasanargumentaRealnumbers(oranexpressionwhoseresultisaRealnumbers),whilethesecondtakesaComplexnumber(orReal,sincethesetofRealnumbersisasubsetoftheComplexnumbersset).

InComplexmodeyoucanviewtheresultsoftheoperationswithComplexnumbersinpolarform“rAθ”.Todothis,selectthe(shift1)buttonfollowedbythe(<)button.Sincethenallresultwillbeexpressedinpolarform.Toreturntothefor“a+bi”,select(shift1)andpressthe(<)buttonagain.

TheangleorargumentoftheComplexnumberisexpressedinthecurrentlyselectedangleunit.Theavailableunitsforanglesaredegrees,radians(default)andgrads.Toswitchtoanotherunitanglepress.

(<)

Note:

somefunctionsforRealnumberscangenerateasaresultaComplexnumber,asforexamplethelogarithm,orthesquarerootofanegativenumber.Therefore,youshouldtakesomecarewithexpressionsthatmayproduceresultsasComplexnumberswhicharetheargumenttootherfunctions,andshallinsuchcasesbeadvisabletheuseoffunctionsforComplexnumbers(startswiththeprefix“c”)insteadofthefunctionsforRealnumbersinsuchawayastoavoidmiscalculations.

Toperformcalculationswithcomplexnumbersselectthecomplexmode

(mode)(-)

Example:

Calculate(3+5.2i)×(-2+5i)andexpresstheresultinpolarformwiththeangleindegrees

[(]3(+)5.2(i)[)](×)[(](-)2(+)5(i)[)](ENTER)

Result:

-32+4.6i

(shift1)(<)

Result:

32.32893441A2.99882071(-32+4.6i)

Assumingyouhavehaveradiansasthecurrentselectedangleunit,pressthebuttontwice,asshownbelow

(<)(<)

Result:

32.32893441A171.81977012o(-32+4.6i)

Example:

Calculatetheprodutofcomplexnumberwithmagnitude2.1andargument30degreesby5(2.1A30)×5

Ifstillnotincomplexmode,selectthecomplexmode

(mode)(-)

[(]2.1(shift2)(x-1)30[)](×)5(ENTER)

Result:

1.61964022-10.37433205i

Example:

Calculatethesinofcomplexnumberwithmagnitude2.1andargument30degrees

Sin(2.1A30)

Ifstillnotincomplexmode,selectthecomplexmode

(mode)(-)

(csin)[(]2.1(shift2)(x-1)30[(](ENTER)

Result:

1.28734395-3.71513951i

Functionsandequations

Youcancreatevarioustypesoffunctions,totracethemingraphic,calculateitsroots,maximaandminima,pointsofinterception,etc.

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