单片机外文文献.docx

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单片机外文文献

单片机外文文献

MicrocomputerSystems

Electronicsystemsareusedforhandinginformationinthemostgeneralsense;thisinformationmaybetelephoneconversation,instrumentreadoracompany?

saccounts,but

ineachcasethesamemaintypeofoperationareinvolved:

theprocessing,storageandtransmissionofinformation.inconventionalelectronicdesigntheseoperationsarecombinedatthefunctionlevel;forexampleacounter,whetherelectronicormechanical,storesthecurrentandincrementsitbyoneasrequired.Asystemsuchasanelectronicclockwhichemployscountershasitsstorageandprocessingcapabilitiesspreadthroughoutthesystembecauseeachcounterisabletostoreandprocessnumbers.

Presentdaymicroprocessorbasedsystemsdepartfromthisconventionalapproachbyseparatingthethreefunctionsofprocessing,storage,andtransmissionintodifferentsectionofthesystem.ThispartitioningintothreemainfunctionswasdevisedbyVonNeumannduringthe1940s,andwasnotconceivedespeciallyformicrocomputers.Almosteverycomputerevermadehasbeendesignedwiththisstructure,anddespitetheenormousrangeintheirphysicalforms,theyhaveallbeenofessentiallythesamebasicdesign.

Inamicroprocessorbasedsystemtheprocessingwillbeperformedinthemicroprocessoritself.Thestoragewillbebymeansofmemorycircuitsandthecommunicationofinformationintoandoutofthesystemwillbebymeansofspecialinput/output（I/O）circuits.Itwouldbeimpossibletoidentifyaparticularpieceofhardwarewhichperformedthecountinginamicroprocessorbasedclockbecausethetimewouldbestoredinthememoryandincrementedatregularintervalsbutthemicroprocessor.However,thesoftwarewhichdefinedthesystem?

sbehaviorwouldcontainsectionsthat

performedascounters.Theapparentlyratherabstractapproachtothearchitectureofthemicroprocessoranditsassociatedcircuitsallowsittobeveryflexibleinuse,sincethesystemisdefinedalmostentirelysoftware.Thedesignprocessislargelyoneofsoftwareengineering,andthesimilarproblemsofconstructionandmaintenancewhichoccurinconventionalengineeringareencounteredwhenproducingsoftware.

Thefigure1.1illustrateshowthesethreesectionswithinamicrocomputerareconnectedintermsofthecommunicationofinformationwithinthemachine.Thesystemiscontrolledbythemicroprocessorwhichsupervisesthetransferofinformationbetween

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itselfandthememoryandinput/outputsections.Theexternalconnectionsrelatetotherest（thatis,thenon-computerpart）oftheengineeringsystem.

Fig.1.1ThreeSectionsofaTypicalMicrocomputer

Althoughonlyonestoragesectionhasbeenshowninthediagram,inpracticetwodistincttypesofmemoryRAMandROMareused.Ineachcase,theword„memory?

is

ratherinappropriatesinceacomputersmemoryismorelikeafilingcabinetinconcept;informationisstoredinasetofnumbered„boxes?

anditisreferencedbytheserialnumberofthe„box?

inquestion.

MicrocomputersuseRAM（RandomAccessMemory）intowhichdatacanbewrittenandfromwhichdatacanbereadagainwhenneeded.Thisdatacanbereadbackfromthememoryinanysequencedesired,andnotnecessarilythesameorderinwhichitwaswritten,hencetheexpression„random?

accessmemory.AnothertypeofROM（ReadOnly

Memory）isusedtoholdfixedpatternsofinformationwhichcannotbeaffectedbythemicroprocessor;thesepatternsarenotlostwhenpowerisremovedandarenormallyusedtoholdtheprogramwhichdefinesthebehaviorofamicroprocessorbasedsystem.ROMscanbereadlikeRAMs,butunlikeRAMstheycannotbeusedtostorevariableinformation.SomeROMshavetheirdatapatternsputinduringmanufacture,whileothersareprogrammablebytheuserbymeansofspecialequipmentandarecalledprogrammableROMs.ThewidelyusedprogrammableROMsareerasablebymeansofspecialultravioletlampsandarereferredtoasEPROMs,shortforErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemories.Othernewtypesofdevicecanbeerasedelectricallywithouttheneedforultravioletlight,whicharecalledElectricallyErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemories,EEPROMs.

Themicroprocessorprocessesdataunderthecontroloftheprogram,controllingtheflowofinformationtoandfrommemoryandinput/outputdevices.Someinput/outputdevicesaregeneral-purposetypeswhileothersaredesignedforcontrollingspecial

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hardwaresuchasdiscdrivesorcontrollinginformationtransmissiontoothercomputers.MosttypesofI/Odevicesareprogrammabletosomeextent,allowingdifferentmodesofoperation,whilesomeactuallycontainspecial-purposemicroprocessorstopermitquitecomplexoperationstobecarriedoutwithoutdirectlyinvolvingthemainmicroprocessor.

Themicroprocessorprocessesdataunderthecontroloftheprogram,controllingtheflowofinformationtoandfrommemoryandinput/outputdevices.Someinput/outputdevicesaregeneral-purposetypeswhileothersaredesignedforcontrollingspecialhardwaresuchasdiscdrivesorcontrollinginformationtransmissiontoothercomputers.MosttypesofI/Odevicesareprogrammabletosomeextent,allowingdifferentmodesofoperation,whilesomeactuallycontainspecial-purposemicroprocessorstopermitquitecomplexoperationstobecarriedoutwithoutdirectlyinvolvingthemainmicroprocessor.

Themicroprocessor,memoryandinput/outputcircuitmayallbecontainedonthe

sameintegratedcircuitprovidedthattheapplicationdoesnotrequiretoomuchprogramordatastorage.Thisisusuallythecaseinlow-costapplicationsuchasthecontrollersusedinmicrowaveovensandautomaticwashingmachines.Theuseofsinglepackageallowsconsiderablecostsavingstoemadewhenarticlesaremanufacturedinlargequantities.Astechnologydevelops,moreandmorepowerfulprocessorsandlargerandlargeramountsofmemoryarebeingincorporatedintosinglechipmicrocomputerswithresultingsavinginassemblycostsinthefinalproducts.Fortheforeseeablefuture,however,itwillcontinuetobenecessarytointerconnectanumberofintegratedcircuitstomakeamicrocomputerwheneverlargeramountsofstorageorinput/outputarerequired.

Anothermajorengineeringapplicationofmicrocomputersisinprocesscontrol.Herethepresenceofthemicrocomputerisusuallymoreapparenttotheuserbecauseprovisionisnormallymadeforprogrammingthemicrocomputerfortheparticularapplication.Inprocesscontrolapplicationsthebenefitslffittingtheentiresystemontosinglechipareusuallyoutweighedbythehighdesigncostinvolved,becausethissortlfequipmentisproducedinsmallerquantities.Moreover,processcontrollersareusuallymorecomplicatedsothatitismoredifficulttomakethemassingleintegratedcircuits.Twoapproachesarepossible;thecontrollercanbeimplementedasageneral-purposemicrocomputerratherlikeamorerobustversionlfahobbycomputer,orasa„packaged?

system,signedfor

replacingcontrollersbasedonoldertechnologiessuchaselectromagneticrelays.Inthe

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formercasethesystemwouldprobablybeprogrammedinconventionalprogramminglanguagessuchastheonesto9beintroducedlater,whileintheothercaseaspecial-purposelanguagemightbeused,forexampleonewhichallowedthefunctionofthecontrollertobedescribedintermsofrelayinterconnections,IneithercaseprogramscanbestoredinRAM,whichallowsthemtobealteredtosuitchangesinapplication,butthismakestheoverallsystemvulnerabletolosslfpowerunlessbatteriesareusedtoensurecontinuityofsupply.AlternativelyprogramscanbestoredinROM,inwhichcasetheyvirtuallybecomepartoftheelectronic„hardware?

andareoftenreferredtoasfirmware.Moresophisticatedprocesscontrollersrequireminicomputersfortheirimplementation,althoughtheuselflargescaleintegratedcircuits„thedistinctionbetweenminiandmicrocomputers,Productsandprocesscontrollersofvariouskindsrepresentthemajorityofpresent-daymicrocomputerapplications,theexactfiguresdependingonone?

s

interpretationoftheword„product?

.Virtuallyallengineeringandscientificusesofmicrocomputerscanbeassignedtooneorotherofthesecategories.ButinthesystemwemoststudyPressureandPressureTransmitters.Pressureariseswhenaforceisappliedoveranarea.ProvidedtheforceisoneNewtonanduniformlyovertheareaofonesquaremeters,thepressurehasbeendesignatedonePascal.Pressureisauniversalprocessingcondition.Itisalsoaconditionoflifeontheplanet:

weliveatthebottomofanatmosphericoceanthatextendsupwardformanymiles.Thismassofairhasweight,andthisweightpressingdownwardcausesatmosphericpressure.Water,afundamentalnecessityoflife,issuppliedtomostofusunderpressure.Inthetypicalprocessplant,pressureinfluencesboilingpointtemperatures,condensingpointtemperatures,processefficiency,costs,andotherimportantfactors.Themeasurementandcontrolofpressureorlackofit-vacuum-inthetypicalprocessplantiscritical.

Theworkinginstrumentsintheplantusuallyincludesimplepressuregauges,precisionrecordersandindicators,andpneumaticandelectronicpressuretransmitters.Apressuretransmittermakesapressuremeasurementandgenerateseitherapneumaticorelectricalsignaloutputthatisproportionaltothepressurebeingsensed.

Intheprocessplant,itisimpracticaltolocatethecontrolinstrumentsoutintheplaceneartheprocess.Itisalsotruethatmostmeasurementsarenoteasilytransmittedfromsomeremotelocation.Pressuremeasurementisanexception,butifahighpressureof

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somedangerouschemicalistobeindicatedorrecordedsevera