Adolescent samesex and oppositesex best friend interactions.docx

Adolescent samesex and oppositesex best friend interactions.docx

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Adolescentsamesexandoppositesexbestfriendinteractions

Adolescentsame-sex and opposite-sex bestfriend interactions.

作者:

McBride,CamiK.

Field,Tiffany

来源:

Adolescence;Fall97,Vol.32Issue127,p515-522,8p

文献类型:

Article

主题:

Adolescentpsychology

Social interaction

Friendship

Social interaction --Psychologicalaspects

Teenagers--Sexualbehavior--Psychologicalaspects

Sex differences（Biology）

关键字:

Sex differences

摘要:

Inthepresentstudy,48highschooljuniorsselectedtheirbestsame-sex and opposite-sex friendsforavideotapingof10-minuteface-to-face interactions together.Femalesfeltmorecomfortableduringsame-sex interactions thanduring opposite-sex interactions,andtheyratedtheirsame-sex partnersmorepositivelythandidmales.Althoughsecond-by-secondcodingsofthevideotapesyieldednogroupdifferencesonthepercentageoftimethedyadswereininterestedoranimatedstates,femaleswereinmoreplayfulstatesduringtheirsame-sex interactions andmalesweremoreplayfulduringtheir interactions withfemales.Reprintedbypermissionofthepublisher.

ISSN:

00018449

入藏编号:

507598444

翻译全文:

HTML全文

ADOLESCENTSAME-SEX AND OPPOSITE-SEX BESTFRIEND INTERACTIONS 

内容

1.METHOD

2.RESULTS

3.Table1GroupMeans

4.Table2IntraclassCorrelationstoDetermineSimilarityWithinSame-SexandOpposite-SexDyads

5.REFERENCES

ListenSelect:

ABSTRACT

Inthepresentstudy,48highschooljuniorsselectedtheirbestsame-sex and opposite-sex friendsforavideotapingof10-minuteface-to-face interactions together.Femalesfeltmorecomfortableduringsame-sex interactions thanduring opposite-sexinteractions,andtheyratedtheirsame-sex partnersmorepositivelythandidmales.Althoughsecond-by-secondcodingsofthevideotapesyieldednogroupdifferencesonthepercentageoftimethedyadswereininterestedoranimatedstates,femaleswereinmoreplayfulstatesduringtheirsame-sex interactions andmalesweremoreplayfulduringtheir interactions withfemales.

Severalstudieshavehighlightedthecriticalimportanceoffriendshipinhumandevelopment（Goldstein,Field,&Healy,1989;Greenberg,Siegel,&Leitch,1983）.Arecentreviewoftheliteratureonfriendshiprevealedthatchildrenwithclosefriendsshowedbetteracademicperformance,werelesslikelytodropoutofschool,andhadlowerratesofjuveniledelinquencyandadultpsychopathology（Parker&Asher,1987）.AnotherreviewemphasizedthattheDSM-III-Ruseslackofclosepeerrelationshipsasacriterionforanumberofpsychiatricdisordersofchildhood（Reisman,1985）.

Intimatefriendshipseemstobeoneofthemostsalientcharacteristicsofadolescence,moresothaninpreviousdevelopmentalstages（Buhrmester,1990）.Astudythatcomparedpreadolescentswithadolescentsfoundthatintimatefriendshipismoreimportanttoadolescents（Buhrmester,1990）.Thestudyalsonotedthatcompetenceinpeerrelationshipskillsisagreaterconcernforadolescentsthanforpreadolescents.

Thepresentstudyexaminedthe interactions ofadolescentbestfriendpairsinthesamemannerasastudybyField,Greenwald,Morrow,Healy,Foster,Guthertz,andFrost（1992）onpreadolescents.Inthatresearchpreadolescentbestfriends,ascomparedwithacquaintances,showedmorematchingofpositivebehavioralstatesandlowerstressasevidencedbylowercortisollevels.Thepresentstudyusedthesameparadigmtodeterminewhetheradolescentbestfriendpairsshowsimilarmatchingofbehaviorstatesduring interactions andwhethertherearedifferencesacrosssame-sex and opposite-sex interactions atatimewhenopposite-sex friendshipsaredeveloping.The opposite-sex friendshipassessmentwasnewtothisstudy.

Fewstudieshavecomparedsame-sex friendshipswith opposite-sex friendshipsinadolescents.Adiscontinuityin opposite-sex friendshipmightbeexpectedbecauseoftheeroticelement（Sharbany,Gershoni,&Hoffman,1981）. Opposite-sex friendshipisconsideredalearningstageformaturesexualrelationsandhasbeenconsideredamoreintimateformoffriendshipthansame-sex friendshipinadolescence（Sharbanyetal.,1981）.However,becauseoftherelativenovelty,opposite-sex interactions maynotbeasrelaxed.

Questionsaddressedinthisstudywerewhetherpersonalitycharacteristics,suchasselfl-esteemandextraversion,wouldbeimportantfactorsin opposite-sexfriendshipsversussame-sex friendships.Would opposite-sex friendsbemorematchedintheirbehaviorstatesthanwouldsame-sex friends,orwouldtheybelessmatchedbecausehighschooljuniorshavelessexperiencewith opposite-sex friends?

 Opposite-sex friendsmightengageinmorepoliteturn-takingratherthanbeinginsimilarbehaviorstatesofanimationandplayfulness.Also,cortisollevelsmaybehigherin opposite-sex friendsthaninsame-sex friendsbecausetheeroticelementmayelicitmorestressduringthe interaction （Sharbanyetal.,1981）.

Toexaminethesequestions,adolescentswerevideotapedinsame-sex and opposite-sex bestfriendpairsduringaconversationonanytopic.Thevideotapeswerelaterratedforconcordanceofbehaviorstates.Inaddition,salivasampleswerecollectedtodeterminethesubjects'cortisollevelsbeforeandaftertheinteraction.Thesubjectsalsocompletedquestionnairesinwhichtheyratedtheir interaction andthelikabilityandcharacteristicsoftheirpartner.Theywerealsoaskedtocompleteself-esteem,peerintimacy,depression,andanxietyscales.

METHOD

SubjectsandProcedure

Forty-eighthighschooljuniors（24malesand24females）wereaskedtoparticipateinthestudyandtonametheirbestsame-sex friendandbest opposite-sexfriendwhoattendedthesamehighschool.Theirbestfriendsweretheninvitedtoparticipatewiththem.Theaverageageoftheadolescentswas16.3years（range=15-17）.Theirethnicdistributionwas35%Hispanic,33%white,18%AfricanAmerican,and14%other,consistentwiththehighschooldistribution.Fifty-sevenpercentoftheirparentsweremarried,89%hadatleastsomecollege,andover49%hadagraduateschooldegree.Eighty-twopercentoftheirparentsearnedmorethan$30,000,andthesampleaveraged2.3（middletouppermiddleSES）ontheHollingsheadIndex.

Selectionofbestfriendpairs.Thestudentswereaskedtoprovidedemographicinformation（age, sex,race）andthenamesoftheirbestsame-sex friendandbestopposite-sex friendwithinthesamehighschoolgrade.Thequestionsusedtoascertainbestfriendswere:

"Ispendthemosttimewith-----";"Iknow-----thebest";and"Ihavelunchwith-----themost."Thestudentsnamedasbestfriendswerethenaskedtoparticipateandtoanswerthesamequestions.Thestudentswhodesignatedoneanotherontwooutofthreeoftheabovequestionswerematchedinpairs.

Same-sex and opposite-sex bestfriend interactions.Thebestfriendpairswereseatedface-to-faceacrossatableandaskedtohaveaconversationonanytopic.The interaction lasted10minutesandwasvideotaped.Amirrorwasproppednexttoonefriendsothattheimageonthevideoscreenshowedthedyedsidebyside.Immediatelyaftertheconversation,anobserverratedeachadolescenton interaction behavior.

Instruments

Adolescentquestionnaires.Thequestionnaireswereadministeredafterthe interactions soasnottoinfluencestudents'moodstate.Theself-esteem,peerintimacy,depression,andanxietyscaleswereadministeredonlyafterthefirstsession,andthesame-sex/opposite-sex interaction orderwascounterbalanced.Feelingsaboutthe interaction andpartnerratingswereobtainedafterbothsame-sex and opposite-sex interactions.

Feelingsscale.Conversationcomfort,orhowtheadolescentsfeltduringthe interaction,wastappedusinga5-pointLikertscalethatincludedthefollowingpositivebipolarratings:

relaxed,friendly,interested,calm,self-conscious,enthusiastic,confident,involved,happy,inchargeofthesituation,natural,andpleasant.ThescalewasthesameasthatusedintheFieldetal.（1992）study,withitemsgeneratedonafacevaliditybasisinastudybyWarneretal.（1987）.

Partnerrating.Thestudentswereaskedtoratehowmuchtheylikedtheirconversationpartnerona5-pointLikertscale.The12itemswerethesameasthoseusedinthestudybyFieldetal.（1992）:

（a）thewayhe/shelooks,（b）his/herpersonality,（c）thethingshe/shesaid,（d）thewayhe/shetalks,（e）thewayhe/shesmiles/laughs,（f）his/herideas,（g）thewayhe/shelistens,（h）thewayhe/shelaughsatthings,（i）thewayweshareideas,（j）thewayhe/shelooksatme,（k）thewaywetaketurnstalking,and

（1）thewaywehavefuntogethertalking.

Self-esteemscale.Thisscaleaskedthestudentstocomparethemselveswiththeirpeersonavarietyofdescriptors,includingconfident,independent,angry,andmoody.Studentsrespondedtoquestionsthatbegan:

"ComparedtomypeersIwouldsaythatIamingeneral...（e.g.,happy:

less,thesame,ormore）."

Peerintimacyscale.Thisscalemeasuredstudents'levelofintimacywithbestfriend.Therewereeightquestions（e.g.,"Howmuchdoyoushareyourinnerfeelingsorsecretswithyourbestfriend?

"）,withanswersrangingfromnotatalltoverymuchandhigherscoressignifyinggreaterintimacy.

CenterforEpidemiologicalStudiesDepressionScale（CES-D）（Radloff,1977）.Thisscaleassessesdepressionlevelsbyaskingsubjectstocomparetheirfeelingsduringtheprecedingweekonitemsrepresentingtheprimarysymptomsofdepression.A4-pointLikertscale（rarelyornoneofthetime,someorlittleofthetime,alotofthetimeandmostorallofthetime）measuressubjects'feelings.

State-TraitAnxietyInventory（STAI）（Spielberger,Gorsuch,&Lushene,1970）.Thisquestionnaireassesseslevelofcurrent