高中英语 说明文阅读健康心理类阅读练习有答案.docx

高中英语 说明文阅读健康心理类阅读练习有答案.docx

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高中英语说明文阅读健康心理类阅读练习有答案

说明文阅读：

健康、心理等主题阅读练习

Passage1

Didyouknowthatwomen’sbrainsaresmallerthanmen’s?

Theaveragewomen’sbrainweighs10%lessthanmen’s.Sinceresearchhasshownthatthebiggerthebrain,thecleverertheanimal,menmustbemoreintelligent（聪明的）thanwomen.Right?

Wrong.Menandwomenalwaysscoresimilarlyonintelligencetests,despitethedifferenceinbrainsize.Why?

Afteryearsofstudy,researchershaveconcludedthatit’swhat’sinsidethatmatters,notjustthesizeofthebrain.Thebrainconsistsof“greymatter”and“whitematter”.Whilemenhavemoreofthelatter,theamountof“thinking”brainisalmostexactlythesameinbothsexes.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatsmallerbrainappearstoworkfaster,perhapsbecausethetwosidesofthebrainarebetterconnectedinwomen.Thismeansthatlittlegirlstendtolearntospeakearlier,andthatwomencanunderstandsortsofinformationfromdifferentsourcesatthesametime.Whenitcomestotalkingtothebossonthephone,cookingdinnerandkeepinganeyeonthebabyallatthesametime,it’swomenwhocomeoutontopeverytime.

Thereareotherimportantdifferencesbetweentwosexes.Aswhitematteristhekeytospatial（空间的）tasks,menknowbetterwherethingsareinrelationtootherthings.“Agreatfootballeralwaysknowswhereheisinrelationtotheotherplayers,andheknowswheretogo,”saysoneresearcher.Thatmayexplainoneoflife’sgreatmysteries:

Whymenrefusetoaskfordirections…andwomenoftenneedto!

Thedifferencesbeginwhenfetuses（胎儿）areaboutnineweeksold,whichcanbeseenintheactionofchildrenasyoungasone.Aboywouldtrytoclimbabarrier（障碍物）beforehimorpushitdownwhileagirlwouldattracthelpfromothers.Thesebraindifferencesalsoexplainthefactthatmorementakeupjobsthatrequiregoodspatialskills,whilemorewomenspeechskills.Itmayallgobacktoourancestors（祖先）,amongwhomwomenneededspeechskillstotakecareoftheirbabiesandmenneededspatialskillstohunt,accordingtooneresearch.

Ifallthisdisappointsyou,itshouldn’t.“Thebrainchangesthroughoutourlivesaccordingtowhatwedowithit,”saysabiologist.

1.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

A.Women’sbrainis10%lessthanmen’s.

B.Greymatterplaysthesameroleaswhitematter.

C.Greymattercontrolsthinkinginthebrain.

D.Bothsexeshavethesameamountofwhitematter.

2.Whatcanweinferfromthesecondandthirdparagraphs?

A.Womenpreferdoingmanythingsatatime.

B.Mendobetterdealingwithonejobatatime.

C.Womendonotneedtotelldirections.

D.Menhaveweakerspatialabilities.

3.Whichofthefollowingdoyouagreewithaccordingtothefourthparagraph?

A.Youngboysmaybestrongerthanyounggirls.

B.Morewomentakeupjobsrequiringspeechskills.

C.Womenmayhavestrongerfeelingsthanmen.

D.Ourancestorsneededmorespatialskills.

4.Whatisthewriter’sattitudeinwritingthispassage?

A.Defensive.B.Persuasive.C.Supportive.D.Objective.

Passage2

Inmeditation（冥想）,peoplesitquietlyandfocustheirattentionontheirbreath.Astheybreatheinandout,theyattendtotheirfeelings.Asthoughtsgothroughtheirminds,theyletthemgo.Breathe.Letgo.Breathe.Letgo.

AccordingtoarecentstudyattheInsightMeditationSocietyinBarre,Massachusetts,threemonthsoftraininginthiskindofmeditationcausesamarketchangeinhowthebrainallocatesattention.Itappearsthattheabilitytoletgothoughtsthatcomeintomindfreesthebraintoattendtomorerapidlychangingthingsandeventsintheoutsideworld.Expertmediatorsarebetterthanotherpeopleatcatchingsuchfast-changingstimuli,likefacialexpressions.

Thestudyprovidesevidenceforchangesintheworkingsofthebrainwithmentaltraining.Peoplecanlearnandimproveabilitiesofallsortswithpractice,everythingfromdrivingtoplayingthepiano.Thestudyhasshownthatmeditationisgoodforthebrain.Itappearstoreducepressureandpromoteasenseofwell-being.

Inanexperiment,17volunteerswithnomeditationexperienceintheexperimentalgroupspentthreemonthsmeditating10to12hoursaday.Acontrolgroupalsowithnomeditationexperiencemeditatedfor20minutesadayoverthesameperiod.Bothgroupswerethengiventhetestswithtwonumbersinagroupofletters.Asbothgrouplookedforthenumbers,theirbrainactivitywasrecorded.

Everyonecouldcatchthefirstnumber.Butthebrainrecordingsshowedthatthelessexperiencedmediatorstendedtograspthefirstnumberandhangontoit,sotheymissedthesecondnumber.Thosewithmoreexperiencegavelessattentiontothefirstnumber,asiflettingitgo,whichledtoanincreasedabilitytograspthesecondnumber.Thisshowsthatattentioncanchangewithpractice.

JustaskDanielLevison,whomeditatedforthreemonthsaspartofthestudy."Iamamuchbetterlistener,"hesaid."Idonotgetlostinmyownpersonalreactiontowhatpeoplearesaying."

1.Theunderlinedword"them"inParagraph1refersto

A.thoughtsB.mindsC.peopleD.feelings

2.Intheexperiment,volunteersdoingmeditationforlongerhours.

A.usuallyignoredthefirstnumberobserved

B.wereusedtomemorizingnumbersingroups

C.weremorelikelytocatchbothofthenumbers

D.paidmoreattentiontonumbersthantoletters

3.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthepassage?

A.Meditationimprovesone'shealth.B.Mediatorshaveagoodsenseofhearing.

C.Brainactivitycanberecorded.D.Humanattentioncanbetrained.

Passage3

AteamfromKrakow,inPoland,usedfunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingtoassessbrainactivitywhen40volunteerswereshownvariousimages.Menshowedactivityinareaswhichdealtwithwhatactiontheyshouldtakeinordertoavoidorfaceuptodanger.Butthestudyfoundmoreactivityintheemotionalcentersofwomen'sbrains.Theresearchers,fromanotheruniversity,carriedoutscanson21menand19women.Brainactivitywasmonitoredwhilethevolunteerswereshownimagesofobjectsandimagesfromordinarylifedesignedtoreminddifferentemotionalstates.

Theimagesweredisplayedintworuns.Forthefirstrun,onlynegativepictureswereshown.Forthesecondrun,onlypositivepictureswereshown.

Whileviewingthenegativeimages,womenshowedstrongerandbroaderactivityintheleftthalamus（神经床）.Thisisanareawhichpassessenseinformationtothepainandpleasurecentresofthebrain.Menshowedmoreactivityinanareaofthebraincalledtheleftinsula（脑岛）,whichplaysakeyroleincontrollingnaturalfunctions,includingbreath,heartrateanddigestion.Generally,activityinthisareatellsthebodytoeitherrunawayfromdanger,ormeetitheadon—theso-called"fightorflightresponse".

Whileviewingpositiveimages,womenshowedstrongeractivityinanareaofthebrainassociatedwithmemory.Withmen,thestrongeractivitywasrecordedinanareaassociatedwithvisualprocessing.DrUrbanikbelievesthesedifferencessuggestwomenmayanalyzepositivestimuli（刺激）inabroadersocialcontextandassociatepositiveimageswithaparticularmemory.Forinstance,viewingapictureofasmilingchildmightremindmemoriesofawoman'sownchildatthisage.Onthecontrary,maleresponsestendtobelessemotional.

1.Theresearchshowsthatmenresponsedifferentlytocomparedwithwomen.

A.differentimagesB.ordinarylifeC.differentactivitiesD.medicalscan

2.Accordingtothepassage,whenfacedwithdanger,.

A.womenreactmoreslowlythanmenB.womenusuallytrytoavoidit

C.menusuallyhavenoreactionD.menreacttoitmoredirectly

3.Whatisdiscussedinthe4thparagraph?

.

A.Menandwomen'sdifferentmemoriesB.Thedifferentresponsestothechildren

C.DifferentreactionstopositivestimuliD.Negativeresultsofthevisualprocessing

4.Thepassagemainlydevelops.

A.byinferringBbycomparingC.bylistingexamplesD.bygivingexplanations

Passage4

Canyoubelieveyoureyes?

Arecentexperimentsuggeststhattheanswertothatquestionmaydependonyourage.

MartinDoherty,apsychologistattheUniversityofStirlinginScotland,ledtheteamofscientists.Inthisexperiment,Dohertyandhisteamtestedtheperception（观察力）ofsomepeople,usingpicturesofsomeorangecircles.Theresearchersshowedthesamepicturestotwogroupsofpeople.Thefirstgroupincluded151childrenaged4to10,andthesecondgroupincluded24adultsaged18to25.

Thefirstgroupofpicturesshowedtwocirclesaloneonawhitebackground.Oneofthecircleswaslargerthantheother,andthesepeoplewereaskedtoidentifythelargerone.Four-year-oldsidentifiedthecorrectcircle79percentofthetime.Adultsidentifiedthecorrectcircle95percentofthetime.

Next,bothgroupswereshownapicturewheretheorangecircles,againofdifferentsizes,weresurroundedbygraycircles.Here'swherethetrickliesin.Insomeofthepictures,thesmallerorangecirclewassurroundedbyevensmallergraycircles—makingtheorangecircleappearlargerthantheotherorangecircle,whichwasthereallargerone.Andthelargerorangecirclewassurroundedbyevenbiggergraycircles—soitappearedtobesmallerthantherealsmallerorangecircle.

Whenyoungchildrenaged4to6lookedatthesetrickypictures,theyweren'tfooled—theywerestillabletofindthebiggercirclewithroughlythesameaccuracyasbefore.Olderchildrenandadults,ontheotherhand,didnotdoaswell.Olderchildrenoftenidentifiedthesmallercircleasthelargerone,andadultsgotitwrongmostofthetime.

Aschildrengetolder,Dohertysaid,theirbrainsmaydeveloptheabili