孔子.docx

孔子.docx

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孔子

EUCONINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE

CONFUCIUS

APROJECTSUBMITTEDTO

MR.HARPER

INPARTIALFULFILLMENTOF

THEREQUIREMENTSFORTHECOURSE

HI101

HISTORYOFCIVILIZATIONI

BY

TONYDUAN

BOX500087CK

SAIPAN,MARIANASPACIFIC

26NOVEMBER2012

Pledge

Inthispaper,everyOPINIONfromsomeoneelsehasbeenindicatedbyareferencenumberplacedattheendofthatinformation.Irealizethatthemerepresenceofareferencenumberdoesnotavoidplagiarism.IfIhaveusedtheexactwords,phrases,clauses,orsentencesofsomeoneelse,Ihaveenclosedthatinformationinquotationmarks.IfIhaveparaphrasedtheopinionsofsomeoneelse,Ihavenotenclosedtheparaphraseinquotationmarks;butIhavestatedthoseopinionsinmyownwords.Ihavealsointroducedtheparaphraseandputareferencenumberattheendofit.

AllFACTUALINFORMATION（commonknowledgeoruncontestedknowledge）,thoughnotcreditedwithareferencenumber,hasbeenstatedinmysentencestructure.Ihavenotusedanyoneelse’sorganizationofthefacts.

Thispaperismyownwork.Noonehashelpedmeinthepreparationorwritingofthispaper.

Signed:

TonyDuan

Confucius

Thesis:

ConfuciusisagreatmaninChina’shistory.

I.ThelifeofConfucius

A.TheearlylifeofConfucius

B.ThepoliticallifeofConfucius

C.ThelaterperiodofConfucius

II.TheteachingofConfucius

A.TheintroductionofConfucianism

B.TheCreedofConfucius

C.Thedevelopmentoftraditions

III.TheinfluenceofConfucius

A.TheinfluenceofConfuciusonChina’shistory

TheinfluenceofConfuciusonothercountries’history

Confucius

Confuciusisawell-knownChinesephilosopher.HehadagreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthecivilizationofChina.MostofhisteachingshadaprofoundimpactonthehistoryofChinabothinthepastandeventoday.Peoplestillviewedhimasagreatpersonbeinghonoredandrespected.TheideasthathedevelopedmadeahugedifferenceinthehistoryofChina.Thus,ConfuciuswasagreatmaninChina’shistory.

ConfuciuswasknowninChineseas“KongZi”,andhewasborninthestateofLu,duringthesecondhalfZhouDynastyaround551-479B.C.Hisfatherdiedsincehewasyoung,andhehadapoorlife;however,throughhardlabortootherrichfamilies,hegotagoodeducation.Whenhegrewup,helearnttoexercisethetraditionsfromtheoriginalZhouDynasty.Sincehewasyoung,helovedknowingtheritualsofsacrifices.Heobtainedagoodknowledgeofritualsinthattime,andthispracticemightbethereasonthathehadahighlyviewontheimportanceofritualsinthelatertime.Inhisearlyageexperiences,hedevelopedgoodcharactersandvirtuesaswell.

Notlongafterthat,Confuciuswasappointedasalowofficeringovernmentinhismiddleage.Inhispoliticalperiod,hedidgivemanyhelpfuladvicestothePrinceofLu,theactwhichhelpedthePrincetobeapowerfulruler.Atthistime,Confuciuslivedabetterlife,andhestartedtodevelophisphilosophy.Soon,Confuciusfoundthatthereareseriouscorruptionswasgoingoninthegovernment,hewasdisappointedwiththesituationsthathappenedinthegovernment.Heresignedfromthegovernmentandstartedtoteachinprivatestudyingplaces.Atthistime,herealizedthattheonlythingthathecandowastoeducatetherightthoughtstoyoungpeople.Hebegantogatherstudentsandpreparetoteach;becauseofhisgoodreputationinthestateofLu,manypeoplecomeandfollowhim.Confuciusdonatedalargeamountoftimeinhisteachingcareerfromthenon.

Duringhisteachingtime,hegotfewfavoritestudents;hewaspleasedwiththeirdiligentworkaswell.Sadly,intheadvancedyearsofConfucius,hisonlysonandoneofthemostfavoritestudentsdiedaboutthattime.Hehadunhappydaysincethen,andhefoundnogovernmentwouldsupporthisideasontheissuesofrunningagovernment.Confuciusdiedin479B.C.SomeofhisstudentsgatheredhisteachingsandsayingsinacollectionknownasLunyu（Analects）.

Inthelatertime,theteachingofConfuciussoonspreadout,manyofhisteachingswasbeingaccepted.ThephilosophythatConfuciusheldeventuallystrengthenedasConfucianism.Peoplestartedtoviewmoreonhisteaching,andtheythinkConfuciuswasawiseandcourageousman.“Ren”,“Yi”and“Li”werethethreefundamentalconceptsthatConfuciusintroducedingeneral.Chinesepeopletodaystillviewthosethreeconceptsastheimportantprinciplesofdailyliving.“Ren”means“benevolence”or“humaneness”,anditisthebasisofallothervirtues.Healsodevelopedapracticalgolden.ItisalsosimilartowhatBibletaughtthatweshouldloveothers.Anauthorstated“He[Confucius]believedthatRenwouldbeputintoactionusingtheGoldenRule,‘Whatyoudonotwishforyourself,donotdotoothers.’（Lunyu12.2,6.30）.”Anotherword“Li”means“rituals”or“ceremonies”.ThiswordshowedthatConfuciushadviewceremoniesveryimportant.“Yi”means“righteousnessorbeing

proper”.Thesethreevirtuesthenbecamethebasiccharactersofpeople.

ThecreedofConfucianismiscenteredontheideasof“Ren”,“Li”,and“Yi”threevirtuesaswell.Hetaughthisstudentsthattheyshouldfocusonasingledoctrineofhisteachingdeeplywhenevertheystudy.Heneverviewedhimselfasthecreatorofthesetraditionalwisesayingsandthecivilizationalthoughts,butasatransmitterofthem.ThetraditionsthatConfuciusdevelopedhadinfluencedChineseforcenturies.Variousformsofteachingsdevelopedlaterfollowedtheconceptsandpatternthathehadsetatthattime.ThetraditionsthatConfuciushadleftisstillusingtoday.Forexample,theexaminationofgoingtoschoolorenteringtogovernmentisstillusedasastandard.Throughtheseteachingsandtraditions,Confuciuswantedtocivilizethestudentsto“gentlemen”andgovernmenttoaself-disciplinedsystem.HisteachingshadanenormouslyinfluenceontheprogressofChina.HeisprobablythemostimportantpersoninChina’shistory

TheinfluenceofConfuciustoChina’shistoryisbeyonddoubt.Histeachingshadguidedmanyillustriousthinkersfollowedhimaswell.Manyofhisstudentshadimportantpositionsintheeducationalfield.HehadcreatedaclassofConfucianscholarstobethemostpowerfulmenintheempire.HisfollowersMenciusandXunziarealsorenownedfortheirteachingandthinking.TheteachingofConfuciusaboutthehumanvirtueandtechniquesofteachingpeopleethicallyandmorallyisstillmeaningfultotheeducatorsnowadays,andithadbecomeapartofChinesecultureaswell.AlthoughConfuciusdidnotwriteanybookatonecouldfindtoday,histeachingshadpassedintoChineseculture.HeisthemostinfluentialpersoninChina’shistory.

Ontheotherhand,theinfluenceofConfuciushadalsoimpressedontheothercountries’history.ThefamouswriterJamesLTysonalsostatedinhisarticle“ManysurroundingAsiancountrieshaveadoptedaspectsofChineseculture,includingConfucianism.”ScholarsindifferentcountriescanfindtherecordsofConfuciusortheteachingofConfuciuseffortlesslyintheirhistory.WilliamDurantstatedthatOneofthegreatJapaneseConfucian,OgyuSorai,oncemadethestatement:

“alltheJapanese,hesaid,explicitlyincludinghimself,werebarbarians;onlytheChinesewerecivilized;and‘ifthereisanythingthatoughttobesaid,ithasalreadybeensaidbytheancientkingsorConfucius.’”Certainly,itistruethatthephilosophyofConfuciushadagreatimpacttoothercountriescivilizationsandhistory.

Inconclusion,ConfuciuswasaremarkablemaninChina’shistory.

Hecontributedcountlesspreciousteachingsandsayingstothegenerationsafterhimthroughhislife.HisstandhadagreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofChinesecivilizationandmadecrucialchangesinChina’shistory.

Bibliography

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Chodorow,Stanley.MacgergorKnox,andConradSchirokauer,TheStreamofCivilization（Australia:

TedBucholze,1969）,570-571.

Confucius."Microsoft®Student2007[DVD].Redmond,WA:

MicrosoftCorporation,2006.

DavidfromSeeraaInternational,GeneralIntroductionofConfuciusinBrief,SerraaIntl,spirituality/confucius.html（assessedonOct20,2012）.

Durant,Will.TheStoryofCivilization1:

OurOrientalHeritage（NewYork:

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FamousPeople,Confucius,FamousPeople,（accessedNov.12,2012）.

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Tyson,JamesL.TheLegacyofConfucius,TheChristianScienceMonitor,（assessedonNov13,2012）.