语音学与语言学练习集刘润清版.docx

语音学与语言学练习集刘润清版.docx

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语音学与语言学练习集刘润清版

语言学复习习题集

PartOneExercisesforPhonetics

I.Fillintheblanks

1．phoneticsstudiesthemovementofthevocalorgansofproducingthe

soundsofspeech.

2:

Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.

Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthecomingfromthelungs.

3.Consonantsoundscanbeeitheror,whileallvowelsounds

are.

4.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemouthare

broughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing

5.Thequalitiesofvowelsdepend

uponthepositionoftheandthetips.

6.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichis

atthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthetowhichthat

partofthetongueisraised.

7.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout.

8.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail-veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.

9.InEnglishthereareanumberof,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowel

positiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.

10referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheir

neighbours.

11.isthesmallestlinguisticunit.

12.Accordingto,whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,it

isputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.

II.Choosethebestanswer.

13.Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

A.intonationB.tone

C.pronunciationD.voice

14.Conventionallyaisputinslashes.

A.allophoneB.phone

C.phonemeD.morpheme

15.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareofthepphoneme.

A.analoguesB.tagmemes

C.morphemesD.allophones

16.'Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas.

A.gottisB.vocalcavity

C.pharynxD.uvula

17.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.

A.wideB.closing

C.narrowD.centering

18.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled

A.minimalpairsB.allomorphs

G.phonesD.allophones

19.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?

A.Acousticphonetics.B.Articulatoryphonetics.

C.Auditoryphonetics.D.Neitherofthem.

20.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtomannersofarticulation?

A.[z]B.[w]

C.[?

]D.[v]

21.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

A.[n]C.[1]

B.[m]D.[P]

22.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

A.[i:

]B.[u]

C.[e]D.[i]

23.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?

A.VoicelessB.Voiced

C.GlottalstopD.Consonant

24.Whichconsonantrepresentsthefollowingdescription:

voicelesslabiodentalfricative?

A.[f]B.[?

]

C.[z]D.[s]

III.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].—

25.Ofthethreephoneticsbranches,thelongestestablishedone,anduntil

recentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isacousticphonetics.—

26.Sound[p]intheword"spit"isanunaspiratedstop.

27.Supersegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.

28.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.

29.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheother.

30.[p]isvoicedbilabialstop.

31.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

32.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.

33.Whenpureormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.

34.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbe

dividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.

35.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.

36.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastoiswhere

toplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.

Explainthefollowingterms.

37.Minimalpair

39.Suprasegmentalfeature

41.Roundedvowel

43.Vowelglides

45.Allophones

47.Distinctivefeatures

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.

38.Soundassimilation

40.Freevariation

42.Pitch

44.Anticipatorycoarticulation

46.Complementarydistribution

48.Sonorityscale

49.Whatismeantbyphonetictranscription?

50.Inwhichtwowaysmayconsonantsbeclassified?

Keys

I.Fillintheblanks.

1.

Articulatory

2.airstrem

4.

friction

5.tongue

7.

obstruction

8.minimalpairs

10.Coarticulation

11.Phonemes

II

.Choosethebestanswer.

3.

13.A14.C15.D16.A17.A

19.B20.B21.A22.B23.B

voiced;voiceless;voiced

6.height

9.diphthongs

12.themaximalonsetprinciple

18.D

24.A

III.DecidewhethertheMowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].

35.[F]Itshouldbearticulatoryphonetics.

26.[T]27.[T]28.[T]29.[T]

30.[F]Itisavoicelessbilabialstop.

31.[F]Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.

32.[T]33.[T]34.[T]

35.[F]InmanycasesthepronunciationofEnglishdependsonindividualspeaker'saccentandpersonalpreference.However,oneformofEnglishpronunciationisthemostcommonmodelaccentintheteachingofEnglishasaforeignlanguage.ItiscalledReceivedPronunciation.

36.[F]Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.

PartTwoExercisesforMorphology

Exercises

I.Fillintheblanks.

1.Takeistheoftaking,takenandtook.

2.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes;androot.

3.

asa

while

words

Anispronouncedletterbyletter,whileanispronounced

word.

4.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith.

5.Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:

and

6.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot.

7.Asnailsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongsto,class,

thelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongstoclass.

8.isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessof

shortening.

9.isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectional

endingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.

10.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthelevel.

11.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda,andawordformedbycompoundingis

calleda.（derivative;compound）

12..

II.Choosethebestanswer.

13.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas.

A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwords

C.functionwordsD.formwords

14.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorpheme.

A.inflectionalB.free

C.boundD.derivational

15.Therearemorphemesintheworddenationalization?

A.threeB.four

C.fiveD.six

16.InEnglish-iseand-tionarecalled.

A.prefixesB.suffixes

C.infixesD.freemorphemes

17.Morphologyisgenerallydividedintotwofields:

thestudyofword-formationandA.affixationB.etymology?

（46）?

C.inflectionD.root

18．Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:

prefix,suffixand.

A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffix

C.infixD.back-formation

19.isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsby

subtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.

A.AffixationB.back-formation

C.InsertionD.Addition

20.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof.

A.acronymyB.clippingDmation

C.imitialismD.acronymy

21.Therearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffixword"learned"isknownasa（n）.

A.derivationalmorphemeB.freemorpheme

C.inflectionalmorphemeD.freeform

22.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby.

A.blendingB.clipping

C.backformationD.acronymy

23.The.stemofdisagreementsis.

A.agreementB.agree

C.disagreeD.disagreement

24.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor.

A.lexemeB.phoneme

C.morphemeD.allomorph

F.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].—

25.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.

26.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.

27.Basereferstothepartofwordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.

28.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.

29.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofconversion.

30.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.

31.Theword;whimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatop-（eia）.

32.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.

33:

BackformationisaproductivewayofformingnounsinModernEnglish.

34.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.

35.Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.

IV.Explainthefollowingterm

37.Morphophonology

39.Boundmorpheme

41.Derivation

43.Closed-classword

45.Fullconversion

47.Base

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.

49.Ofalltheword-formations,

36.Allrootsarefreeandallaffixesarebound.

38.Allomorph

40.Backclipping

42.Morphologicalrule

44.Analogy

46.Blending

48.Hybrid

whichinvolvetheprocess.ofaddition?

Whichtheprocessofsubtraction?

Andwhichtheprocessoftransition?

50.Illustratetheaxiom,