GRAMMARCOURSE.docx

GRAMMARCOURSE.docx

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GRAMMARCOURSE

GRAMMARCOURSE

TypesofVerbs

Beforeyoubegintheverbtenselessons,itisextremelyimportanttounderstandthatNOTallEnglishverbsarethesame.Englishverbsaredividedintothreegroups:

GroupIContinuousVerbs

Thefirstgroup,called"ContinuousVerbs",containsmostEnglishverbs.Theseverbsareusuallyphysicalactions,whichyoucanseesomebodydoing.Theseverbscanbeusedinalltenses.

ContinuousVerbs

torun,towalk,toeat,tofly,togo,tosay,totouchetc.

Examples:

Ieatdinnereveryday.Correct

Iameatingdinnernow.Correct

GroupIINon-continuousVerbs

Thesecondgroup,called"Non-continuousVerbs",issmaller.Theseverbsareusuallythingsyoucannotseesomebodydoing.Theseverbsarerarelyusedin"continuous"tenses.Theyinclude:

AbstractVerbs

   tobe,towant,tocost,toseem,toneed,tocare,tocontain,toowe,toexist...

PossessionVerbs

   topossess,toown,tobelong...

EmotionVerbs

   tolike,tolove,tohate,todislike,tofear,toenvy,tomind...

Examples:

Heisherenow.   Correct

Heisbeingherenow.   NotCorrect

Hewantsadrinknow.   Correct

Heiswantingadrinknow.   NotCorrect

GroupIIIMixedVerbs

Thethirdgroup,called"MixedVerbs",isthesmallestgroup.Theseverbshavemorethanonemeaning.Somemeaningsbehavelike"Non-continuousVerbs",whileothermeaningsbehavelike"ContinuousVerbs."

MixedVerbs

tohave,toappear,tosee,tohear,tofeel,toweigh,tolook...

ListofMixedVerbswithExamplesandDefinitions:

toappear:

Donnaappearsconfused.   Non-continuousVerb

（Donnaseemsconfused.）

Myfavoritesingerisappearingatthejazzclubtonight.   ContinuousVerb

（Myfavoritesingerisgivingaperformanceatthejazzclubtonight.）

tohave:

Ihaveadollarnow.   Non-continuousVerb

（Ipossessadollar.）

Iamhavingfunnow.   ContinuousVerb

（Iamexperiencingfunnow.）

tohear:

Shehearsthemusic.   Non-continuousVerb

（Shehearsthemusicwithherears.）

Sheishearingvoices.   ContinuousVerb

（Tohearsomethingotherscannothear.Sheishearingvoicesinhermind.）

tomiss:

JohnmissesSally.   Non-continuousVerb

（Heissadbecausesheisnotthere.）

DebbieismissingherfavoriteTVprogram.   ContinuousVerb

（Sheisnottheretoseeherfavoriteprogram.）

tosee:

Iseeher.   Non-continuousVerb

（Iseeherwithmyeyes.）

Iamseeingthedoctor.   ContinuousVerb

（Tovisitorconsultwithadoctor,dentist,orlawyer.）

Iamseeingher.   ContinuousVerb

（Iamhavingarelationshipwithher.）

Heisseeingghostsatnight.   ContinuousVerb

（Toseesomethingotherscannotsee.Forexampleghosts,aura,avisionofthefutureetc.）

tosmell:

Thecoffeesmellsgood.   Non-continuousVerb

（Thecoffeehasagoodsmell.）

Iamsmellingtheflowers.   ContinuousVerb

（Iamsniffingtheflowers.）

totaste:

Thecoffeetastesgood.   Non-continuousVerb

（Thecoffeehasagoodtaste.）

Iamtastingthecake.   ContinuousVerb

（Iamtryingthecaketoseewhatittasteslike.）

tothink:

Hethinksthetestiseasy.   Non-continuousVerb

（Heconsidersthetesttobeeasy.）

Sheisthinkingaboutthequestion.   ContinuousVerb

（Sheisponderingthequestion,goingoveritinhermind.）

toweigh:

Thetableweighsalot.   Non-continuousVerb

（Thetablehasagreatweight.）

Sheisweighingherself.   ContinuousVerb

（Sheisdeterminingherweight.）

SomeVerbsCanBeEspeciallyConfusing:

tobe:

JoeisAmerican.   Non-continuousVerb

（JoeisanAmericancitizen.）

JoeisbeingveryAmerican.   ContinuousVerb

（JoeisbehavinglikeastereotypicalAmerican.）

Joeisbeingveryrude.   ContinuousVerb

（Joeisbehavingveryrudely.Usuallyheisnotrude.）

Joeisbeingveryformal.   ContinuousVerb

（Joeisbehavingveryformally.Usuallyheisnotformal.）

NOTICE:

Onlyrarelyis"tobe"usedinacontinuousform.Thisismostcommonlydonewhenapersonistemporarilybehavingbadlyorstereotypically.Itcanalsobeusedwhensomeone'sbehaviorisnoticeablydifferent.

tofeel:

Themassagefeelsgreat.   Non-continuousVerb

（Themassagehasapleasingfeeling.）

Idon'tfeelwelltoday.   ContinuousorNon-continuousVerb

Iamnotfeelingwelltoday.

（Iamalittlesick.）

NOTICE:

Feelisveryflexibleandthereisnodifferenceinmeaninginthetwosentencesabove.）

Active/PassiveVerbForms

     Sentencescanbeactiveorpassive.Therefore,tensesalsohave"ActiveForms"and"PassiveForms".YoumustlearntorecognizethedifferencetosuccessfullyspeakEnglish.

ACTIVEFORM

     Inactivesentences,thethingdoingtheactionisthesubjectofthesentenceandthethingreceivingtheactionistheobject.Mostsentencesareactive.

[Thingdoingaction]+[VERB]+[thingreceivingaction]

EXAMPLES:

The professor              teaches                the students.

   （subject）                 （activeverb）               （object）

（doingaction）                                         （receivingaction）

John                          washes                     the dishes.

（subject）                （activeverb）                   （object）

（doingaction）                                       （receivingaction）

PASSIVEFORM

     Insomesentences,speakersusethepassiveform.Inthepassiveform,thethingreceivingtheactionisthesubjectofthesentenceandthethingdoingtheactionisoptionallyincludedattheendofthesentence.Youcanusethepassiveformifyouthinkthethingreceivingtheactionismoreimportantorshouldbeemphasized.

[Thingreceivingaction]+[BE]+[pastparticipleofverb]+[by]+[thingdoingaction]

EXAMPLES:

The students              are  taught                     by the professor.

（subject）                   （passiveverb）

（receivingaction）                                               （doingaction）

The dishes                  are washed                 byJohn.

（subject）                    （passiveverb）

（receivingaction）                                       （doingaction）

SimplePresent

FORMSimplePresent

EXAMPLE:

   [torun]

Irun

yourun

heruns

sheruns

itruns

werun

theyrun

USE1RepeatedActions   

UsetheSimplePresenttoexpresstheideathatanactionisrepeatedorusual.Theactioncanbeahabit,ahobby,adailyevent,ascheduledeventorsomethingthatoftenhappens.Itcanalsobesomethingapersonoftenforgetsorusuallydoesnotdo.

EXAMPLES:

Iplaytennis.

Shedoesnotplaytennis.

Thetrainleaveseverymorningat8am.

Thetraindoesnotleaveat9am.

Shealwaysforgetsherpurse.

Heneverforgetshiswallet.

Everytwelvemonths,theEarthcirclesthesun.

ThesundoesnotcircletheEarth.

USE2FactsorGeneralizations     

TheSimplePresentcanalsoindicatethespeakerbelievesthatafactwastruebefore,istruenow,andwillbetrueinthefuture.Itisnotimportantifthespeakeriscorrectaboutthefact.Itisalsousedtomakegeneralizationsaboutpeopleorthings.

EXAMPLES:

Catslikemilk.

Birdsdonotlikemilk.

CaliforniaisinAmerica.

CaliforniaisnotintheUnitedKingdom.

Windowsaremadeofglass.

Windowsarenotmadeofwood.

NewYorkisasmallcity.（Itisnotimportantthatthisfactisuntrue.）

USE3Now（Non-ContinuousVerbs）   

SometimesspeakersusetheSimplePresenttoexpresstheideathatanactionishappeningorisnothappeningnow.ThiscanonlybedonewithNon-continuousVerbsandcertainMixedVerbs.

EXAMPLES:

Iamherenow.

Sheisnotherenow.

Heneedshelprightnow.

Hedoesnotneedhelpnow.

Hehasacar.

ACTIVE/PASSIVESimplePresent

EXAMPLES:

Onceaweek,Tomcleansthecar.ACTIVE

Onceaweek,thecariscleanedbyTom.PASSIVE

PresentContinuous

FORMPresentContinuous

[AM/IS/ARE]+[VERB+ing]

EXAMPLES:

IamwatchingTV.

Heisquicklylearningthelanguage.

NOTE:

WhenyouareusingaverbtensewithmorethanonepartsuchasPresentContinuous（islearning）,adverbsoftencomebetweenthefirstpartandthesecondpart（isquicklylearning）.

USE1Now     

UsethePresentContinuouswithContinuousVerbstoexpresstheideathatsomethingishappeningnow,atthisverymoment.Itcanalsobeusedtoshowthatsomethingisnothappeningnow.

EXAMPLES:

YouarelearningEnglishnow.

Youarenotswimmingnow.

Iamsitting.

Iamnotstanding.

Theyarereadingtheirbooks.

Theyarenotwatchingtelevision.

Whatareyoudoing?

Whyaren'tyoudoingyourhomework?

USE2LongerActionsinProgressNow    

InEnglish,nowcanmean"thissecond,""today,""thismonth,""thisyear,""thiscentury"andsoon.SometimesweusethePresentContinuoustosaythatweareintheprocessofdoingalongeractionwhichisinprogress;however,wemightnotbedoingitatthisexactsecond.

EXAMPLES:

（Allofthesesentencescanbesaidwhileeatingdinnerinarestaurant.）

Iamstudyingtobecomeadoctor.

Iamnotstudyingtobecomeadentist.

IamreadingthebookTomSawyer.

Iamnotreadinganybooksrightnow.

Areyouworkingonanyspecialprojectsatwork?

Aren'tyouteachingattheUniversitynow?

USE3NearFuture    

Sometimes,speakersusethePresentContinuoustoindicatethatsomethingwillorwillnothappeninthenearfuture.

EXAMPLES:

Iammeetingsomefriendsafterwork.

Iamnotgoingtothepartytonight.

Ishevisitinghisparentsnextweekend.

Isn'thecomingwithustonight.

USE4RepetitionandIrritationwith"Always"    

ThePresentContinuouswithwords