morphologysyntax形态学句法学.docx

morphologysyntax形态学句法学.docx

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morphologysyntax形态学句法学

morphology-syntax-形态学-句法学

Chapter3&4summary

于梦婷翻译方向班2014417791

Chapter3

Morphology--oneofthescopeoflinguisticsisinstructedinchapter3.Morphologyreferstothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.Differentrulesapplytoclassifywords.

Firstoneispartofspeech（词性）.Secondoneismeaningexpressed.Thirdoneisdifferentclasses.

①Nouns

Verbs②lexicalwords（contentwords）

Adjectives③openclasswords

WordscanbedividedintoAdverbs

Conjunctions

Prepositions②grammaticalwords（functionalwords）

Articles③closedclasswords

Pronouns

Linguistsdefinewordasthesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage.Afreeformissimplyanelementthatdoesnothavetooccurinafixedpositionwithrespecttoitsneighboringelements；inmanycases,itcanevenappearinisolation.Forinstance,

Theboysleft.Thepluralmarking-sisnotafreeform.

Themostimportantcomponent（部分）ofawordstructureisthemorpheme（词素,形态素）thesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.

Freeandboundmorpheme

Morpheme

Allomorphs（语素变体）

Wecansetouttoanalyzetheinternalstructureofwordsfromthreeaspects.

1、freeandboundmorphemes

2、Root，affixandstem

3、Derivationalandinfectionalmorphemes

Althoughtherearelotsofrulesofformation，wecanseeitmorphologicallysincelearningmorphology.

1、

inflection（屈折法）-ing

-ed

-er

-est

-‘s

-s

……

2、compounding（复合构词法）

3、derivation（派生法）

4、conversion（转化法）

1）clipping（拆分）

2）initialsandacronyms（首字母缩写）

5、abbreviation（缩写法）

3）blending（混合）

6、backformation（反成法）

7、neologism（coinage新语）

8、borrowing（借用法）

Chapter4

Syntax，abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentencesisintroducedinchapter4.First，sentencetypesmustbemastered.

①simplesentence

Accordingtotheirstructure②coordinatesentence

③complexsentence

SV/SVO/SVC

Accordingtothelinearorderofconstituents

SVA/SVOO/SVOC/SVOA

Second，therearevariousapproachestosyntacticstudies.

①thetraditionalapproach

②thestructuralapproach

③thegenerativeapproach

④thefunctionalapproach

Partsofspeech

1、thetraditionalapproach

Functionofwordscategories

Concordandgovernment（一致性与普通语法）

tenseandaspect（时和体）

2、thestructuralapproach

①syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations（组合关系与聚合关系）

②endocentricandexocentricconstructions（向心结构与离心结构）

Immediateconstituteanalysis（直接成分分析法）

3、thegenerativeapproach

Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguages.Afundamentalfactaboutwordsinallhumanlanguagesisthattheycanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses，calledsyntacticcategories，whichcangenerallysubstituteforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticality.

1、

Themostcentralcategoriestothesyntacticstudyaretheword-levelcategories.Herewordlevelcategoriesaredividedintotwokinds：

Nouns（N）

MajorlexicalcategoriesVerbs（V）

Adjective（A）

Preposition（P）

Determiner（Det）

Degreewords（Deg）

MinorlexicalcategoriesQualifier（Qual）

Auxiliary（Aux）

Conjunction（Con）

2、

Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases，thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt.Themostcommonlyrecognizedanddiscussedphrasalcategoriesarenounphrase（NP），verbphrase（VP），adjectivephrase（AP）andprepositionalphrase（PP）.

Phrasescanconsistofjustoneword.Phrasesthatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontain：

head

Specifier----leftsideofthehead

Complement---rightsideofthehead

3、

Grammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.

Eg.thebookonthedeskNP→（Det）N（PP）…

TheXPrule：

XP→（specifier）X（complement）

XP

Specifierheadcomplement

4、specifier

Phraseelement

complements

Phraseelement

Complementizers

MissHebertbelievesthat

modifier

Phraseelement

5、

TheSrule：

S→NPVP

Linguiststakeanabstrctcategoryinflection（dubbed“infl”）astheirheads，whichindicatesthesentence’stenseandagreement.

Inflp

NPinflVP

6、

1）yes-noquestion

Eg.Willthetrainarrive？

Firststep：

CP

CS

NPInflVP

DetNwillV

Thetrianarrive

Secondstep：

CP

CS

NPInflVP

DetNwillV

Thetrianarrive

Inversion

Thirdstep：

CP

CS

InflNPInflVP

willDetNwillV

Thetrianarrive

2）doinsertion

Eg.Dobirdsfly?

CP

CS

NPInflVP

NNonpstV

Birdsfly

CP

CS

NPInflVP

NdoV

Birdsfly

CP

CS

InflNPInflVP

willNeV

Birdsfly

3）whmovement

①Eg.Whatlanguagescanyouspeak？

Whatlanguagescanyou_______speak_______?

A

B

CP

CS

InflNPInflVP

canNeVNP

youspeake

②eg.Whowinthegame？

CP

NPCS

NPInflVP

NP

ePstV

DetN

winthegame