04专八听力原文.docx
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04专八听力原文
听力原文2004
PARTⅠLISTENINGCOMPREHENSION
SECTIONATALK
Languageisusedfordoingthings.Peopleuseitineverydayconversationfortransactingbusiness,planningmealsandvacations,debatingpolitics,andgossiping.Teachersuseitforinstructingstudents,andcomediansuseitforamusingaudiences.Alltheseareinstancesoflanguageuse-thatisactivitiesinwhichpeopledothingswithlanguage.Aswecansee,languageuseisreallyaformofjointaction.
Whatisjointaction?
Ithinkitisanactionthatiscarriedoutbyagroupofpeopledoingthingsincoordinationwitheachother.Assimpleexamples,thinkoftwopeoplewaltzing,orplayingapianoduet.Whentwodancerswaltz,theyeachmovearoundtheballroominaspecialway.Butwaltzingisdifferentfromthesumoftheirindividualactions.Canyouimaginethesetwodancersdoingthesamesteps,butinseparaterooms,oratseparatetimes?
Sowaltzingis,infact,thejointactionthatemergesasthetwodancersdotheirindividualstepsincoordination,asacouple.
Similarly,doingthingswithlanguageisalsodifferentfromthesumofthespeakerspeakingandthelistenerlistening.Itisthejointactionthatemergeswhenspeakersandlisteners,orwritersandreaders,performtheirindividualactionsincoordination,asensembles.Therefore,wecansaythatlanguageuseincorporatesbothindividualandsocialprocesses.Speakersandlisteners,writersandreaders,mustcarryoutactionsasindividuals,iftheyaretosucceedintheiruseoflanguage.ButtheymustalsoworktogetherasparticipantsinthesocialunitsIhavecalledensembles.IntheexampleImentionedjustnow,thetwodancersperformbothindividualactions,movingtheirbodies,arms,andlegs,andjointactions,coordinatingthesemovements,astheycreatethewaltz.Inthepast,languageusehasbeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyanindividualprocess.Andithasalsobeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyasocialprocess.Forme,Isuggestthatitbelongstoboth.Wecannothopetounderstandlanguageusewithoutviewingitasjointactionsbuiltonindividualactions.Inordertoexplainhowalltheseactionswork,I'dliketoreviewbrieflysettingsoflanguageuse.Bysettings,Imeanthesceneinwhichlanguageusetakesplace,plusthemedium-whichreferstowhetherlanguageuseisspokenorwritten.Andinthistalk,I'llfocusonspokensettings.
Thespokensettingmentionedmostoftenisconversation-eitherfacetoface,oronthetelephone.Conversationsmaybedevotedtogossip,businesstransactionsorscientificmatters,butthey'reallcharacterizedbythefreeexchangeoftermsamongthetwoparticipants.I'llcallthesepersonalsettings.ThenwehavewhatIwouldcallnonpersonalsettings.Atypicalexampleisthemonologue.Inmonologues,onepersonspeakswithlittleornoopportunityforinterruption,orturnsbymembersoftheaudience.Monologuescomeinmanyvarietiestoo,asaprofessorlecturestoaclass,orastudentgivingapresentationtoaseminar.Thesepeoplespeakforthemselves,utteringwordstheyformulatedthemselvesfortheaudiencebeforethem,andtheaudienceisn'texpectedtointerrupt.Inanotherkindofsettingwhicharecalledinstitutionalsettings,theparticipantsengageinspeechexchangesthatlooklikeordinaryconversation,buttheyarelimitedbyinstitutionalrules.Asexamples,wecanthinkofagovernmentofficialholdinganewsconference,alawyercrossquestioningawitnessincourt,oraprofessordirectingaseminardiscussion.Inthesesettings,whatissaidismoreorlessspontaneous,eventhoughturnsatspeakingareallocatedbyaleader,orarerestrictedinotherways.
Thepersonspeakingisn'talwaystheonewhoseintentionsarebeingexpressed.Wehavetheclearestexamplesinfictionalsettings.VivianLeighplaysScarlettO'Harain"GonewiththeWind",FrankSinatrasingsalovesonginfrontofaliveaudience,thespeakersareeachvocalizingwordscomposedbysomeoneelse-forinstanceaplaywrightoracomposer-andareopenlypretendingtobeexpressingopinionsthataren'tnecessarilytheirown.Finallythereareprivatesettingswhenpeoplespeakforthemselveswithoutactuallyaddressinganyoneelse,forexample,Imightexplainsilentlytomyself,ortalktomyselfaboutsolvingaresearchproblem,orrehearsingwhatI'mabouttosayinaseminartomorrow.WhatIsayisn'tintendedtoberecognizedbyotherpeople,itisonlyofusetomyself.Thesearethefeaturesofprivatesettings.
SECTIONBTALK
W:
Goodevening,I'mNancyJohnson.TheguestonourradiotalkthiseveningisProfessorWangGongwu.Hello,ProfessorWang.
M:
Hello.
W:
ProfessorWang,you'renowprofessoremeritusofAustraliaNationalUniversity,andinyourlongacademiccareer,you'vewornmanyhatsastutor,lecturer,departmenthead,dean,professor,andvicechancellor.However,asIknow,you'restillveryfondofyouruniversitydaysasastudent.
M:
That'sright.Thatwasin1949.TheuniversitythatIwenttowasabrandnewuniversitythen,andtheonlyoneinthecountryatthattime.WhenIlookback,itwasanamazinglysmalluniversity,andwekneweverybody.
W:
Howdidthestudentslikeyou,forexample,studythen?
M:
Wedidn'tstudyveryhard,becausewedidn'thaveto.Wedidn'thaveallthisfantasticcompetitionthatyouhavetoday.Mmm.WewerealwaysmadetofeelthatgettingafirstdegreeintheArtsfacultywasnotpreparationforaprofession.Itwasageneraleducation.Wewerenotunderanypressuretodecideonourcareers,andwehadsuchagoodtime.Wewereleftverymuchonourown,andwewereencouragedtomakethingshappen.
W:
Whatdoyouseeasthemoststrikingdifferenceinuniversityeducationsincethen?
M:
Universityeducationhaschangeddramaticallysincethosedays.Thingsareveryspecializedtoday.
W:
Yes,definitelyso.And,inyoursubsequentcareerexperienceasaneducatorandlateradministratorinvariousinstitutionsofhighereducationinAsiaandelsewhere,ProfessorWang,youhaverepeatedlynotedthatonehastolookatthedevelopmentofeducationinoneparticularcountryinabroadcontext.Whatdoyoumeanbythat?
M:
Well,thewholeworldhasmovedawayfromeliteeducationinuniversitiestomeettheneedsofmasseducation,andenteringuniversitiesisnolongeraprivilegeforthefew.Anduniversitiestodayaremoreconcernedwithprovidingjobsfortheirgraduatesinawaythatuniversitiesinourtimeneverhadtobebotheredabout.Therefore,theemphasisofuniversityprogramstodayisnowonthepracticalandtheutilitarian,ratherthanonageneraleducationoronpersonaldevelopment.
W:
Doyouthinkthatisawelcomedevelopment?
M:
Well,Ipersonallyregretthisdevelopment.Butthebasicbachelor'seducationnowhastocatertopeoplewhoreallyneedapieceofpapertofindadecentjob.
W:
Soyou'reconcernedaboutthisdevelopment.
M:
Yes,I'mveryconcerned.Withtechnicalchanges,manyofthethingsthatyoulearnaretechnicalskills,whichdon'trequireyoutobecomeverywelleducated.Yet,ifyoucanmasterthoseskills,youcangetverygoodjobs.Sothetechnicalinstitutionsaregoingtobeincreasinglypopularattheexpenseoftraditionaluniversitites.
W:
ProfessorWang,let'slookatadifferentissue.Howdoyoucommentonthecurrentphenomenonbecauseofthefeestheypay?
M:
Well,onceyouacceptstudentsonfinancialgrounds,onewonderswhetheryouhavetopassthemaswell.Butthisisthedevelopmentineducationthatwehavetocontendwith.Yet,ifweareconcernedaboutmaintainingstandards,whatwecandoistoconcentrateonimprovingthequalityofeducation.
W:
Yes,you'reright.Auniversityisjudgedbythequalityofeducationitoffers.ProfessorWang,let'sturntothefuture.Whattypeofgraduates,inyourview,touniversitiesofthefutureneedtoproduce,iftheyaretoremainrelevant?
M:
Ithinktheirgraduatesmustbeabletoshiftfromoneprofessiontoanother,becausetheyaretrainedinaveryindependentway.Ifyoucandothat,youraisetheleveloftheflexibilityofthemind.Today'srapidchangesintechnologydemandthisadaptability.Andyouseethebestuniversitiesintheworldarealreadytryingtoguaranteethattheirstudentswillnotonlybetechnicallytrained,butwillbethekindofpeoplethatcanadapttoanychangingsituation.
W:
Iguessmanypeoplewouldagreewithyouonthatpoint.Universityeducationshouldfocusonbothpersonalandprofessionaldevelopmentofstudents.Butstillsomemightbelievethereisadefiniteplaceforeducationinabroadersense-thatis,inpersonalintellectualdevelopment.
M:
Nodoubtaboutthat.Weneedpeoplewhowillthinkaboutthefuture,aboutthepast,andalsopeoplewhowillthinkaboutsociety.Ifasocietydoesn'thavephilosophers,orpeoplewhothinkaboutthevalueoflife,it'saverysadsocietyindeed.
W:
ProfessorWang,mylastquestion:
doyouseeanycommongroundineducationbetweenyourgenerationandtheyounggenerationnow?
M:
Adaptingtonewchallengesisperhapsthetruecornerstoneofourgeneration'slegacytoeducation.Andthefutureofeducationinacountryrestsnotsomuchontheconstructionofbetterbuildings,labs,etc.,butinthedevelopmentofaneveradaptablemind.
W:
That'strue.Theessenceofeducationistheeducationofthemind.Okay,thankyouverymuch,ProfessorWang,fortalkingtousontheshowaboutthechangingtrendsineducation.
M:
You'rewelcome
SECTIONC
AnewdatashowsthattheglobalAIDSpandemicwillcauseasharpdropinlifeexpectancyindozensofcountries,insomecases,declinesofthreedecades.Severalnationsarelosingacentury'sprogressinextendingthelengtho