美国饮食文化.docx

美国饮食文化.docx

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美国饮食文化

FastFood快餐食品

Fast-foodchains，American-style，arecurrentlyontheincreaseallovertheworld．Mostoftheseplacesworkonasimilarprinciple．Thereisalongcounter，abovewhichisdisplayedalist（oftenwithpictures）oftheitemsavailable，andbehindwhichseveralpeople（oftenstudentsworkingfortheminimumwage）areserving．Individualqueuesforminfrontofeachassistant．Youreceivewhatyouordermoreorlessimmediatelyandtakeitonatraytoatable，pickingupthinglikestraws（吸管），pepper，salt，ketchup（蕃茄酱），pickles（泡菜）andnapkins（usuallypapernapkins）ontheway．Ifyoucan’tseeanyknivesandforks，thismeansyouaresupposedtoeatwithyourhands．Ifyoucan’tseeanystraws，that’sbecausetheyarehidinginthestrawdispenser（分配器）thatyouhavetofiddle（拨弄）withthebottomofittogetastraw（oneatatime）toemerge．Whenyou’vefinished，youyourselfthrowawayeverythingexceptthetray．

Manyfast-foodplaceshavedrive-infacilities．Youplaceyourorderfromyourcarvia（通过）amicrophoneandthendriveroundtoaspecialwindowtopayandpickitup．Youmayevenencounterplaceswhereawaitressbringyourmealout，andyousitandeatitinthecarfromatrayhookedoverthedoorthroughtheopenwindow．

Youmaybeaskedifyourorderis“forhere”or“togo”（i．e．totakeaway）．Insomestatesthereisnosalestaxonfoodconsumed．

TypesofFastFoodRestaurants快餐店的种类

Themostwidespreadtypeoffast-foodrestaurantisthatservinghamburgers，suchasthechainsofMacDonald．Allthedifferentchainshavetheirownspecialties．Arby’srestaurantsservelargeroastbeef，hamandcheese，andturkey（火鸡）“sandwiches”．Somerestaurantchainsspecializeinservingsteaksquicklyandcheaply．Andthenthere’sKentuckyFriedChicken．

Chips油炸土豆片

ChipsinAmericaarecalled“Frenchfries”or“fries”forshort．（NotethatintheUSA“chips”meancrisps）．“Frenchfries”arenormallythinnerthanchips．Americansgenerallyputketchupontheirchips，andyouwillnotnormallyfindvinegar（醋）．

Pizzas（意大利式）烘焰饼

TherearemanyspecialtypizzarestaurantsinAmerica，andmanyofthemtaketelephoneordersanddeliverpizzastoyourhome，whichcanoftenbeconvenient．Theycomeindifferentsizes，andalargeonecanbebigenoughforapartyoffourpeople．Ifyouwanttoshareapizzabutcan’tagreeontheingredients，itispossibletoordertwodifferentsetsoftoppings，onesetoneachhalf．

Ice-Cream冰淇淋

Shopssellinglargenumberofdifferentflavorsofice-creamareverycommoninAmerica．Ifyouarenotsurewhatflavoryouwant，generallyyoucansampleasmallspoonfulofaparticularflavortoseeifyoulikeit．Youcaneitherhaveyourice-creamina“plaincone”（普通型锥形物）orina“sugarcone”（甜脆型锥形物）．

SoftDrinks软饮料

Fast-foodrestaurantsdonotservealcohol．ThesoftdrinksmostoftensoldareCoca-ColaandPepsi——Cola，plusfizzydrinks（whicharelikelemonade）androotbeer（whichislikecoughmedicine）．Fizzydrinksareknownas“carbonatedbeverages”（碳酸饮料）or，morecolloquially，“soda”，“pop”，“sodapop”，and“softdrinks”．

Allthesedrinkscomewithlostofice．Infact，youwillprobablyfindasmuchiceasdrinkinyourdrink．Ifyouaskforasoftdrinkwithoutice，theywillthinkyouarefunnybutwillprobablyoblige．（Theymaychargeyouabitextra，foriceischeaperthanCoke．）

美国人吃饭用刀叉，而且他们的用餐方式是很有讲究的。

因此，在应邀与美国朋友一起吃饭时，应特别注意他们的用餐习惯。

一般情况下，餐桌上摆放有一幅餐刀和两幅餐叉，外边的餐叉供你吃色拉，里边的餐叉用于吃主食和其它点心食品，餐刀用来切肉食。

如果你两手并用，应左手握叉，右手握刀，而且一次握刀时间不能太长。

美国人的早餐有：

炒或煮鸡蛋、香肠、油炸土豆片、薄煎饼、果子冻、烤面包、松饼、桔子汁以及咖啡等。

EatingCustomandPractice用餐习惯

Americaneatingisfunny.Theyeatalmosteverythingwithafork,anditappearsthatholdingaknifeinone'srighthandlongerthanafewsecondsisconsideredtobeagainstgoodtablemanners.

Thesystemisthatifitisabsolutelynecessarytouseaknife,peopletaketheforkintheirlefthand,andcutoffapieceofmeatorwhateveritisinthenormalmanner.Thentheyputtheknifedown,transfertheforktotheirrighthand,andonlythendotheytransportthefoodtotheirmouth.Thisisclearlyludicrous（滑稽可笑）,butitisconsideredgoodmanners.

Thereareseveralresultsofthissystem.First,ifitisnotabsolutelynecessarytouseaknife,Americansdon'tuseone,becauseobviouslythisgreatlycomplicates（使复杂化）things,andyouwillthereforeseethemtryingtocutthingslikepotatoes,fishandevenbacon（熏猪肉）withafork.Second,towardstheendofacourse,sinceonlyoneimplement（器具）isbeingused,foodhastobechasedaroundtheplatewiththefork—andforthelastmouthfulthethumbhastobeusedtokeepthefoodinplace,althoughoneisnotsupposedtodothis.

Third,tablesaregenerallylaidwithoneknifeandtwoforks,theoutsideforkbeingforthesalad.ThereisnoneedforforeignvisitorstofollowtheAmericansystemandtrytoeatthesaladwithonlyafork,butifyoudouseyourknife,remembertosaveitforthemeatcourse.Evendesserts（甜食）（excepticecream）areeatenwithaforkifatallpossible,andthespoonyouseebyyourdessertismeanttobeforcoffee（butifyouuseitforyourdessertnoonewillsayanything）.

SomeBreakfastDishes早餐食谱

Breakfastinarestaurantisaveryenjoyableexperience.Ifyouordereggsinarestaurant,thewaiter/waitresswillaskyouhowyouwantthem.Youcanreplythatyouwantthem"scrambled（炒）"or"boiled".Itisnotsufficient,however,toaskforthem"fried";youwillhavetospecifywhetheryouwouldpreferthem"sunny-side-up"（煎一面）,"over"（两面煎）,"over-easy/easy-over"（两面煎，但蛋黄仍然呈流体状）.Americansausage（香肠）comesinslicesandisquitespicy.Butyoucanalsohavelinksausage.　　Americanbaconcomesinsmallstrips,canberatherfat,andisservedcrispy.Itisusuallyverytasty,andyoucaneatitwithyourfingers.　"Hashbrows"（油炸土豆片）areshredded（切成碎片的）andfriedpotatoes.Theyarewonderful,especiallywithfriedeggsandketchup（蕃茄酱）.

"Pancakes",sometimescalled"hotcakes",aremadewithbakingpower.Theyarenormallyservedinapile,andyouaresupposedtoputbutterandsyrup（果浆）onthem.

"Jelly"（果子冻）isjamandincludesgrapejelly,whichisverytasty.

Toastisoftenservedalreadybuttered.

"Englishmuffins（松饼）"arelikesmallcrumpets（烤饼）withouttheholesandareservedtoasted.Youputjamonthem.

A"biscuit"（软饼）isasmall,scone-likebreadroll,oftenservedhot.

Orangejuiceandcoffeeareoftenservedwithbreakfast.

美国人吃午餐和吃晚餐之前通常要喝点鸡尾酒，但在加利福尼亚州，人们大都喝葡萄酒。

吃主食之前，一般都要吃一盘色拉。

炸磨茹和炸洋葱圈可作为开胃食品，牛排、猪排和鸡（腿）为主食，龙虾、贝壳类动物以及各种鱼类甚至包括淡水鱼被统称为海鲜。

炸土豆条是深受人们喜爱而且几乎成了必不可少的食物。

另外应特别注意的一点，如有吃剩的食物，一定要打包带回家，以免浪费。

Cocktail鸡尾酒

ItisquiteusualtodrinkcocktailsbeforelunchanddinnerinAmericaandsomewhatlessusual,exceptinCalifornia,todrinkwinewithameal.Youcaneitherhaveacocktailinthebar,ifthereisone,whileyouwaitforatableorforfriends,oryoucanhaveoneservedbeforeyourdinnercomes.Atsomerestaurantsthewaiter/waitresswillcometoyourtableassoonasyousitdowntoaskifyouwantacocktail,andyoucanthendrinkthiswhiledecidingwhattoordertoeat.Atothers,theremaybeaseparatecocktailwaiterorwaitress.Inthiscase,youdonotnormallyorderwinefromhimorherbutfromthenormalwaiter-orthewinewaiteristhereisone.

DonothesitatetoorderCalifornianwines.Theycanbeexcellentandinmanypartsofthecountryarecheap.

Salad　色拉

Itisusualtohaveasaladwithyourmeal,andaseparateplateisprovidedforthispurpose.ThenormalpracticeinAmericaistoeatthesaladbeforethemaincourse.AwonderfulAmericaninventionisthesaladbar.Inrestaurantsthathavethesesaladbarsthewaiterdoesnotbringyoursalad.Yougotothesaladbarandhelpyourself,usuallytoasmuchasyouwant.Thisisnormallydoneafteryouhaveorderedyourmeal;youeatthesaladwhilethemaincourseisbeingcooked.

ChoosingfromtheMenu　选菜

Americanmenuscanlookratherconfusingatfirstsight,fortheymayusesometermswhichareunfamiliartomostvisitors.Herearesomepointswhichmaybeuseful.

Friedmushrooms,friedonionrings（洋葱圈）andfriedzucchini（小胡瓜）aresometimesservedasstarters（第一道菜）.

Potatoesmostoftencome"French-fried"orbaked.Ifyouorderabakedpotato,thewaiterwillaskyouwhatyouwantonit.Thechoiceisbutterand/orsourcreamandsometimeschives（细香葱）.

Veryoftenvegetablesdonotcomeautomaticallywiththemeal,andyouhavetopayextraforthem.

"Scrod"（小鳕鱼）,"redsnapper"（啮龟）and"mahihahi"areallnameoffish."Seafood”meanslobster（龙虾）,shellfishandfish,including,funnilyenough,freshwaterfish!

Prawns（对虾）areknownas"shrimp".

Americanbeefisusuallygoodandoftenwonderful.

Americansaltandpepper（糊椒粉）potsareconfusinguntilyourealizethatthesaltpotmaylooklikeapepperpotexceptthatthesaltpot'sholesarebigger.Pepperisnormallyblackratherthanwhite.Americanmustard（芥末）ismildandnormallyeatenwithhotdogsorhamburgersratherthanmeat.

Andthatstuffinadishthatlooksicecreamisactuallywhipped（搅拌过的）butter.

YouhaveprobablyheardthatinAmericanrestaurants,ifyoucan'tfinishyourmeal,youcanputtheremainsina"doggybag"andtakethemhome.Thisisquitetrue.Ifyouleavesomemeat,inparticular,yourwaitermayaskyouifyou'dlikehimtoputitinto"alittlebag",oryoucanaskhimtodothis.

生活在美国（四）美国用餐常识

中国菜着重色、香、味，西餐讲究实惠。

初到美国餐馆用餐，应该注意如下事项：

1）选择合适的餐馆（如：

家庭式餐馆、特色餐馆以及自助式餐馆等）；

2）餐馆营业时间（上午11：

30开门营业，直到夜晚）；

3）一般都应事先预订餐位：

4）到达餐馆后，不能径直地到餐桌旁入桌，除非餐厅有“随意就坐”的告示；

5）付款时，别忘了留给服务员一定比例的小费（一般为实际总额的10%～15%）。

EatingoutisoneofthejoyofbeingintheUSA.Thefoodisusuallygoodandoftenexcellent;thepricesarereasonable;andtheservice