Book 6 The law of obligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷.docx

Book 6 The law of obligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷.docx

《Book 6 The law of obligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Book 6 The law of obligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷.docx（61页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Book6Thelawofobligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷

Book6Thelawofobligations

Title6.1Obligations*）ingeneral

*）An 'obligation' isaspecificlegalrelationshipbetweeninprincipletwopersons,thecreditorontheonehandandthedebtorontheother,thatiscreatedeitherbyagreement（contract）orbyoperationoflaw,inthelattercaseassoonasaneventoccurswhichmakesitdesirabletostandardsofsocialopinion,ascapturedinlaw,thatonepersonobtainsarighttoaperformancewhichhastobecarriedoutbyanotherperson（tortiousact,benevolentinterventioninanother'saffairs,undueperformance,unjustifiedenrichement）. 

Irrespectiveofthesourcefromwhichtheobligationarises（contract,tort,undueperformanceetc）,itscontentislegallyalwaysshapedinthesameform.Thedebtorhastoperformsomethingtooronbehalfofthecreditor.Thispartoftheobligationiscalleda 'debt' ofthedebtor.Thecreditoriswithintheobligation（i.e.withinthisparticularlegalrelationshipwithhisdebtor）entitledtothatperformanceandhemay,ifnecessary,askthecourtandthepoliceforassistanceinordertogetthatperformancefromhisdebtorortoobtainatleastasimilarcompensationinmoney.Thatpartoftheobligationiscalleda 'debt-claim',whichbelongs-asanintangibleasset-tothecreditor,whereitformsapartofhisproperty,justlike,forinstance,hisrightofownershipinahouse. 

Dependingonthecontentoftheobligation,nowinregardtowhatmustactuallybedonebythedebtortosatisfyhisdebt,anyperformance,andnotjustthepaymentofmoney,canbetheobjectofthecreditor'sdebt-claim.So,therightinpersonamagainstadebtortoclaimthetransferofahouseortodemandtheperformanceofacertainservice,isnameda'debt-claim',justastherighttoclaimthepaymentofaspecificamountofmoneyis.Theword'debt'isplacedbeforetheword'claim'todistinguishadebt-claimfromothertypesofclaims,liketheclaimofspousestowardseachothertoactuallylivetogetherandtobefaithfultoeachotheroralegalclaim（rightofaction）thatcanbebroughttocourt.Thelawofobligationsspecifieswhatthedebtorandcreditormayexpectfromeachotherwithintheirspecificlegalrelatoinship（obligation）andwhattheyareabletodowhentheotheronedoesnotcomplywiththeseexpectations.

Section6.1.1Generalprovisions

Article6:

1Thearisingofobligations

Obligationscanonlycometoexistence（arise）ifthisresultsfromlaw.

Article6:

2Reasonablenessandfairnesswithintherelationshipbetweenthecreditoranddebtor

-1. Thecreditoranddebtormustbehavethemselvestowardseachotherinaccordancewiththestandardsofreasonablenessandfairness. 

-2. Aruleinforcebetweenacreditorandhisdebtorbyvirtueoflaw,commonpracticeorajuridicalactdoesnotapplyasfarasthiswouldbeunacceptable,inthecircumstances,bystandardsofreasonablenessandfairness.

Article6:

3Naturalobligation

-1. Anaturalobligationisalegallynotenforceableobligation. 

-2. Anaturalobligationexists:

a. whenthelaworajuridicalactdeniesitsenforceability; 

b. whensomeonehasapressingmoraldutyofsuchnaturetowardsanotherpersonthatcompliancewithit,althoughlegallynotenforceable,hastoberegardedbysocialstandards（commonopinion）asthefulfilmentofaperformancetowhichthisotherpersonisentitled.

Article6:

4Applicabilityofthelawofobligations

Therulesoflawforobligationsapplyaccordinglytonaturalobligations,unlessthelaworthenecessaryimplicationofastatutoryprovisionbringalongthataprovisioncannotbeappliedtoanon-enforceableobligation.

Article6:

5Conversionofanaturalobligationintoanenforceableobligation

-1. Anaturalobligationisconvertedintoanenforceableobligationbymeansofanagreementforthispurposebetweenthedebtorandthecreditor. 

-2. Anofferofthedebtor,addressedtothecreditor,toenterintosuchanagreementgratuitously,isconsideredtobeacceptedwhentheofferhascometotheknowledgeofthecreditorandhehasnotrejecteditwithoutdelay. 

-3. ThestatutoryprovisionsfordonationsandgiftsdonotapplytoanagreementasmeantinthepresentArticle.

Section6.1.2Pluralityofdebtorsandjointandseveralliability

Article6:

6Separateliabilityorjointandseveralliability

-1. Ifaperformanceisindebtedbytwoormoredebtorsjointly,theneachofthemisliableforanequalpart,unlessfromlaw,commonpracticeorajuridicalactresultsthattheyareliableforunequalpartsorthattheyarejointandseveralliable. 

-2. Iftheperformanceisundividableoriffromlaw,commonpracticeorajuridicalactresultsthatthedebtorseachareliableforthewholedebt,thentheyarejointandseveralliable[itthenisasocalled‘jointdebt’or'jointobligation'of‘solidarydebtors’]. 

-3. Fromanagreementbetweenthedebtorandcreditormayresultthat,whentheobligationpasses（moves）totwoormorelegalsuccessorsofthedebtor,thesesuccessorsareliableforunequalpartsorthattheyarejointandseveralliable.

Article6:

7Liabilityofsolidarydebtors

-1. Iftwoormoredebtorsarejointandseveralliableforanobligation[ittheniscalleda‘jointdebt’or‘jointobligation’of‘solidarydebtors’],thenthecreditoristowardseachofthementitledtodemandfullperformanceoftheentireobligation. 

-2. Asettlementofthejointobligationbyoneofthesolidarydebtorsdischargesalsotheothersolidarydebtorsagainstthecreditor.Thesameapplieswhenthejointobligationisperformedbymeansofasetoffortheacceptanceofanewdebtbyoneofthesolidarydebtorsunderanagreementwiththecreditor,aswellaswhenthecourt,uponarequestofoneofthesolidarydebtors,appliesArticle6:

60,unlessthecourthasruleddifferentlyinthatcase.

Article6:

8Reasonablenessandfairnesswithintheinternalrelationshipbetweenthesolidarydebtors

Article6:

2appliesaccordinglytothelegalrelationshipbetweenthesolidarydebtorsinternally（mutually）.

Article6:

9Waiverofthedebt-claimbythecreditorandgrantinganextensionofpayment

-1. Everysolidarydebtormayacceptonbehalfoftheothersolidarydebtorsanofferofthecreditortowaiverhisdebt-claimgratuitously,insofarthisofferalsoconcernstheliabilityoftheothersolidarydebtors. 

-2. Anextension（deferment）ofpayment,grantedbythecreditortooneofthesolidarydebtors,appliesaswellonbehalfoftheothersolidarydebtors,asfarasthisappearstobetheintentionofthecreditor.

Article6:

10Internalcontributionintheperformedjointobligation

-1. Everysolidarydebtormust,forthepartofthejointobligationforwhichheisaccountableinhisinternalrelationshipwiththeothersolidarydebtors,contributeintheperformedjointobligationandinthecostsmadetoperformitinaccordancewiththefollowingparagraphs. 

-2. Totheextentthatasolidarydebtorhasperformedmoretothecreditorofthejointobligationthanthepartforwhichheisaccountableinhisinternalrelationshipwiththeothersolidarydebtors,hemayclaimfromtheothersolidarydebtorsthepaymentoftheirinternalcontribution;eachoftheothersolidarydebtorsshallhavetoperformtohimthepartoftheperformedjointobligationforwhichtheyareaccountableintheirinternalrelationshipwitheachother.

-3. Everysolidarydebtormust,inaccordancewiththepartforwhichheisaccountableinhisinternalrelationshipwiththeothersolidarydebtors,contributeinthecosts,madeinreasonbyoneofthesolidarydebtors,unlessthesecostsonlyconcernthatdebtorpersonally.

Article6:

11Meansofdefence.

-1. AsolidarydebtorwhoisaskedbyoneoftheothersolidarydebtorstopayhisinternalcontributionasdefinedinthepreviousArticle,mayinvokeagainstthatotherdebtorallmeansofdefencewhichhecouldhaveputforwardagainstthecreditoratthemomentthathisinternaldebttocontributeinthejointobligationorthecostscametoexistence. 

-2. Nevertheless,hecannotinvokesuchadefenceagainsttheothersolidarydebtorifthisdefenceresultsfromajuridicalactbetweenhimandthecreditorperformedatamomentonwhichthejointobligationofthesolidarydebtorstothatcreditoralreadyhadcometoexistence.

-3. Anappealtothefactthatthecreditor’srightofactionhasbecomeprescribed,mayonlybeinvokedbyasolidarydebtorwhohasbeenaskedbyanothersolidarydebtortopayhisinternalcontributionwhen,atthemomentonwhichhisinternaldebttocontributecametoexistence,both,heandthedebtorwhoaskedhimtopayhiscontribution,couldhaveinvokedthatprescriptionagainstthecreditor. 

-4. Thepreviousparagraphsapplyonlyasfarastheinternalrelationshipbetweenthesolidarydebtorsdoesnotimplydifferently.

Article6:

12Subrogation

-1. Whenthejointobligationisperformedbyoneofthesolidarydebtorsformorethanthepartforwhichheisaccountableinhisinternalrelationshipwiththeothersolidarydebtors,thentherightsofthecreditoragainsttheothersolidarydebtorsandagainstthirdpartiespass（move）totheperformingdebtorbyvirtueofsubrogationasfarashehasperformedmorethanhispartofthejointobligation,eachtimeonlyuptothepartthatconcernstheothersolidarydebtororthethirdpartyinhisinternalrelationshiptotheperformingdebtor. 

-2. Ifthejointobligationtothecreditorincludedanotherperformancethanthepaymentofmoney,thenthedebt-claimagainsttheothersolidarydebtorsorthirdparties,acquiredbytheperformingdebtorfromthecreditorbysubrogation,willbeconvertedintoamone