跨文化交际期末复习.docx

跨文化交际期末复习.docx

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跨文化交际期末复习

跨文化交际期末复习

Unit1

Terminterpretation

Economicglobalization经济全球化

Theintegrationofnationaleconomicsofnationaleconomicsintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadofthetechnology.

BarterSystem物物交换

Farmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney

GlobalVillage地球村

Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldfromonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.

Meltingpot大熔炉

Toassimilatetheculturesofdifferentbackgrounds

CulturalDiversity文化多样性

Countrieshavebeenmixedinsteadofassimilate

BriefAnswer

1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage?

1）convenienttransportationsystems

2）Innovativecommunicationsystems

3）Economicglobalization

4）widespreadmigration

2.Whatarethethreeaspectswheretheculturaldifferencesexist?

（选择）

1）verbaldifference;language,thoughtpatterns

2）Non-verbalcommunication;body-language,timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage…

3）values;worldviews,beliefs,attitudes…

Unit1后半

Terminterpretation

Culture

Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture

Enculturation文化习得

Theprocessoflearningone’sownculture

Acculturation文化适应

Adaptthecultureslearningbytheothercultures

Ps：

文化习得，文化适应需要对比

Ethnocentrism文化中心主义

Thinkyourcultureissuperiortotheothers

BriefAnswer

Whatarethethreeingreduentsofculture?

Products,behaviors,andideas.

Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?

Culturelikeanicebergcanbedividedintotwoparts:

cultureabovethewaterlineandculturebelowthewaterline.Cultureabovethewaterlineisexplicit,visible,tangible,easytochangewithtime,atipoftheiceberg.Culturebelowthewaterlineisimplicit,invisible,intangible,hardtochangewithtime,themajority

Whatarethecharacteristicofculture?

Cultureisdynamic,shared,learned,ethnocentric（文化中心主义）

Unit2

Terminterpretation

Source发出信息的人

Personwhosendoutinformation

Encoding编码

Theprocessofputtingyourthoughtsintosymbols

Message

Encodedthoughts

Channel渠道

Thewaythemessageisdelivered

Decoding解码

Assignameaningtothewords

Receiver

Personwhoattendstotheinformation

Context内容

Thephysicalenvironmentthatsurroundus

BriefAnswer

Whatarethethreecharacteristicsofcommunication?

（简答/选择）

Communicationistransactional（互换性）,dynamic,irreversible,symbolic,systematicandcontextual.

Whatarethethreebasicaspectstocommunication?

Andonwhichaspectdoesthesuccessof

interpretationcommunicationgreatlydependon?

Ourindividualpersonality,thecultureweoperatein,thephysicalenvironmentthatsurroundsus.

Dependonthecultureweoperatein.

Unit2后半

Terminterpretation

VerbalInterculturalCommunication非言语行为

Peoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewithotherpeoplethroughlanguage

Pragmatics语言学

Thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptions（感知）andbehavior

Shortanswerquestion

1.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?

InChinese,thesurnameisputbeforethegivenname.

InAmerican,viceversa,thenameorder.

Inrecentyears,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.ButinChinese,wetendtoaddresseachotherwiththefullname.

AnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofaperson’stitleoffice,orprofession

Therefore,onecanconcludethattheChinesecustomsofaddressingmemberswiththekinshipterms（亲戚关系）evennotrelatedbybloodormarriage

2.Whoshouldbeintroducedfirstinthewest?

Thesenior,thefemale,theguest

3.HowisChinesehospitalitydifferentfromAmericanhospitality?

A:

InChina,aguestusuallyobservestheprincipleofavoidingbringingtroubletothehost.

InAmerican,incontrast,itisthehostwhotriestoavoidinterferinginguests’freedomofactionbyleavingroomforthegueststomakechoices.

B:

TheChinesehostusuallygoestotroubletomakesurethereissomethingleftafterthemeal;the“wastefulness”ofthispracticehasbeencriticizedinAmerican,andsomeadvocateorderingmoresensiblequantities.

PS:

1.appropriatetopicsi.eJimSmith—UncleJim

2.responsetocomplaint

3.makeapology

Unit3

Terminterpretation

Aculturalassumption文化定式

AculturalassumptionIswhenweassumethatapersonhasparticularvaluesandattitudesbasedontheirculturalbackgrounds.

BriefAnswer

HowwouldAmericansmisunderstandtheChineseresponsestothecompliments?

1.Inthefirstcase,theimplicationwasthatthepraisorhadpoorjudgement

2.Thepraisorwasnotsincere

3.TheChinesewouldbesuspectedof“fishingforcompliments”

WhyaretheChinesereluctanttopayacompliment?

1.ThesamecomplimentwasgivenbyaChinesemantoaChinesewoman,thecomplimentcanbe.takenasakindofflirtation（调戏）

2..Peoplearecautiousaboutdrawingalinebetweencomplimentandflattery.

3.Apositivesubtleformofrequest.

（重要）HowistheChinesedifferentfromAmericansinexpressinggratitude?

1.Chinesepeopledon'tusuallysay"thankyou"tothosewhoareverycloseandwhoareinalowerposition.ThankyouisverycommoninAmerican,sotheytendtothankpeoplealldaylongregardlessofrelationship

2.TraditionalChinesecustomsdon'trequirepeopletoexpressthanksforthesmallfavors

TheAmericanswouldthankyouallthewayforverysmallandmostordinarythings.

Unit4

Terminterpretation

Semantics语意学

Thestudyofthemeaningofwords

Denotation本义

Theliteral（字面意义）meaningordefinitionofaword-theexplict,particular,definedmeaning

Connotation延伸义

Extendedmeaningofassociatedmeanings,thesuggestive（隐含）meaning.

Taboo禁忌语

Somewords,objectsoractionsthatyoushouldavoidinacertainculture.

Euphemism委婉语

Theactofsubstitutingamild,indirectorvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive

BriefAnswer

Whatarethe4majorverbaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish?

1.Aterminonelanguagedoesn’tnecessarilyhaveacounterpart（对等的人事物）intheotherlanguage.

2.Wordsortermsinbothlanguagesappeartorefertothesameobjectorconceptonlyonthesurface,butactuallyrefertoquitedifferentthings

3.Thingsorconceptsarerepresentedbyoneorperhapstwotermsinonelanguage,butbymanymoretermsintheotherlanguage,forexample,finerdistinctionsintheotherlanguage

4.Termshavemoreorlessthesameprimarymeaning,buthavesecondaryoradditionalmeaningsthatmaydifferconsiderablyfromeachother.

PS：

makesomeexamplesforthedifferences

Thethoughtpatternsofpeoplearoundtheworld

TheUnitedStatesweremorelinearanddirect

TheSemiticindividualssolvedproblemsusingacombinationoftangentialandsemi-directapproaches,

Romanceiscircuitous（迂回）approach

Russiansemployedacombinationofindirectandcircuitousapproaches

Unit5（选择为主）

Terminterpretation

Chroxemics时间学

Monochronictime=M-time单时性文化

Emphasisonschedules,segmentationandpromptness（efficiency）andpunctuality.Itfeaturesoneeventatatime.

Polychronictime=P-time多时性文化

practicedbymostotherpeoplesislessrigidandclock-bound.PeoplefromP-timeculturesscheduleseveralactivitiesatthesametime,andtimeforthemismoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered

Proxemics空间学

theperceptionanduseofspace

Kinesics身势学

morethanjusthandorarmgestures;itreferstoanylittlemovementofanypartofthebody

Paralanguage副语言

languageliesbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Itinvolvessoundsbutnotwords,itmeansthesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo（节奏）,vocalpitch（音高）andintonationalcontours（语音语调）

BriefAnswer

WherearethedifferentfeaturesofM-timeandP-time？

M-time:

meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.Emphasisonschedules,segmentationandpromptness（efficiency）andpunctuality.Itfeaturesoneeventatatime.

P-time:

practicedbymostotherpeoplesislessrigidandclock-bound.PeoplefromP-timeculturesscheduleseveralactivitiesatthesametime,andtimeforthemismoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered

PS:

1.touch/nontouchculture&long/shortbodydistance

i.eArab—touch/short

USA—nontouch/medium

2.seat—China:

facingthedoorisdistinguished

USA:

acrossingthecorner

Unit6

BriefAnswer

Whatisthedifferencebetweensexandgender?

书P120表6.1

Sex（生理性别）：

biological（生理的）,permanentandwithanindividualproperty

Gender（社会性别）：

socially-constructed,variedovertimeandacrossculturesandwithasocialandrelationalquality

Inall,genderandsexarenotsynonymous.

Whatarethetwoprimaryinfluencesonthesocialization?

1..familycommunication,particularlybetweenmotherandchildren

2.recreationalinteractionamongchildren

Unit7（以案例分析为主）

BriefAnswer

Identifythecontrastbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextcultureandthenuseittointerpretthedifferencebetweenAmericanandJapaneseorChinesenegotiatingstyle?

1.Negotiationatmosphere:

American:

efficient,professionalism（职业精神）andcompromise（妥协，让步）

Japanese:

socializing,trust

Chinese:

socialization

2.Detail

American:

thefacts,writtenagreementsorcontrast

Japanese:

fewerspecificissuesandlessdetailoriented,briefwrittenagreements

Chinese:

generalwrittenagreements

3.Communicationstyle

American:

moreinterestedinlogicalargumentsthaninthepeopletheyaredealingwithdislikesilence

Japanese:

encouragecovert,fragmented

Chinese:

avoidopenlyconfrontconflict

4.Culturalvariationsinselectingnegotiators:

American:

technicalexpertise:

youngernegotiatorsarecommon;womenareinc