weather report.docx

weather report.docx

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weatherreport

Classtwo：

Weather

meter

1.Wherewecanfindweatherinfo（informationinfobahn信息高速公路）？

ATIS:

Automaticterminalinformationservice

OnlineFlightserviceFlightfollowing（ATC）

2.kindsofweatherproducts:

Meter（MeteorologicalTerminalAviationRoutingWeatherReport）（航空例行天气报告）

TAF（TerminalAerodromeForecast终端机场天气预报）

AIRMET（AirmensMeteorologicalInformation低空重要天气情报）

SIGMET（SignificantMetinformation重要天气情报）

PIREP（PilotReport驾驶员报告）

Areaforecast（区域预报）

Significantweatherprognostic（征兆）charts

Windsaloft（高高的；在上面）

Radarsummary（概括的；立刻的）chart

Surface（表面）analysischart

一．METAR

Observationofcurrentweatherconditions（madeapproximatelyeveryhour）

Weatherobserver’s（eitherhumanorautomated）interpretationofweatherconditionsatagivensiteandcontainsthefollowinginformationinthisorder.

1.Aviation（航空）routineweatherreport

1.typeofreport

2.Station（塔台）identifier（鉴别）

3.Dateandtime

4.Modifier（修改者asrequired）

5.Wind

6.Visibility

7.Runwayvisualrange（asrequired）

8.Weatherphenomena

9.Skyconditions

10.Temperature

11.Dewpoint

12.Altimeter

13.Remarks（asrequired）

2.typeofreport:

Meter:

MeteorologicalTerminalAviationRoutineWeatherReport

SPECI:

Forsignificantdeterioration（恶化）orimprovementofconditions）特殊天气预报

ASPECIwillbeissuedifthewinddirectionchangesbymorethan45°inlessthan15minutesandthesustained（持久不变的）windsare10knotsormorethroughout（从头到尾）thewindshift（改变））

#Stationidentifier（InCanada,it’saCplusthe3letteridentifierfortheairport）

3.Dateandtime

#6digitgroupwiththeletterZtodenote（First2digitsarethefollowedbyhourandminutes）

#CoordinalUniversalTime（UTC）:

ConvertslocaltimeintoGreenwich,Englandtime

Addorsubtract（减去）thetimeconversiontothemilitary（军事的）time.

4.Modifier（修正者）

AUTOstatesthatitwasautomatedwithnohumanobserver

AO1:

meansanautomatedstationwithoutprecipitationdiscriminator（辨别者）

AO2:

anautomatedstationwithaprecipitationdiscriminator（candetect（发现）rainandsnow）

CORidentifiesthereportasacorrectedreporttoreplaceanerroneousearlierreport。

5.Wind:

theaverage2minutewinddirectionandspeedarereportedina5or6digitformat（版式）

*first3digitsarewherethewindisblowingfromin10degreeincrements

*last2or3arewindspeed

Calmwind:

whenwindspeedislessthan3knots（00000KT）

Gust:

avariationinwindspeedof10knotsormorebetweenpeaks（减小）andlulls（暂停）（21014G25KT）

Variablewind:

lessthan6knotsandthewinddirectionisvaryingitscodedasVRBandthewindspeed.（VRB04KT）

Morethan6knotsandthewinddirectionisvariableby60°ormoreitwillbewrittenastheextremes（极值）indirectionseparatedbyaV.（32012280V35021018G30KT170V240）

6.Visibility:

Thegreatestdistanceatwhichobjectscanbeseenandidentifiedthroughatleast180°,whichneednotbecontinuous.Reportedinstatuemiles.

&Whenvisibilityislessthan7smtherestrictor（限定）willbereported

&Ifvisibilityislessthan1/4smitwillbedenotedasM1/4sm

&Visibilityof10smorgreaterwillbedenotedas10sm

7.Weatherphenomena:

Precipitation:

anyformofwaterparticles,soldorliquid,thatfallfromtheatmosphereandhittheground.

Type:

RA:

rainDZ:

drizzle（毛毛雨）SN:

snowSG:

snowgrains（雪粒）GR:

hail1/4inchindiameterorlarger（冰雹）GS:

smallhailIC:

icecrystals（冰晶）UP:

unknownprecipitation

Precipitationtypescanbegroupedtogetherbutobscurations（朦胧）arelistedseparately（分开）（RASNBRHZ）

8.Obscurationstovisibility:

Anyphenomena,otherthanprecipitation,thatreducehorizontalvisibility.

&Types:

FG:

fog（visibilitylessthan5/8sm）

BR:

mist（visibility5/8-6sm）SA:

sand

FU:

smokeDU:

dust

HZ:

haze（雾霾）TS:

thunderstorm

SA:

sandDS:

duststorm

DU:

dustFC:

funnel（漏斗）cloud

VA:

volcanicashSS:

sandstorm

PY:

spray（水雾）+FC：

tornadoorwaterspout（水龙卷）

PO:

welldevelopeddustorsandwhirls（旋转）（旋风）

SH:

showers（风雪的一阵）（canberain,snow,orhail;canstartandendabruptly.

SQ:

squall,asuddenincreaseinwindspeedofatleast16knots,withtherisingto22knotsormoteandlasting1minute.Usuallyassociatedwiththunderstorm,showers,orheavy.

&Intensity（强度）isshownwithmostprecipitationtypes:

+heavy

Nosymbolismoderate（适合的）

—Light

&Intensitydependsonthetypesofobscurationorprecipitation:

Forsnowit’svisibility

Forrainit’stheamountofsplash（溅）

&Estimating（估测）intensityofrain:

Light:

Fromscattered（不集中的）dropsthat,regardlessofduration（持续时间）,donotcompletelywetanexposed（曝露得）surfaceuptoaconditionwhereindividual（独特的）dropsareeasytoseen,

Moderate:

Individualdropsarenotclearlyidentifiable;spray（浪花）isobservablejustabovepavements（人行道）andotherhardsurfaces.

Heavy:

Rainseeminglyfallsinsheets（一片汪洋）;individualdropsarenotidentifiable;heavyspraytoheightofseveralinchesisobservedoverhardsurfaces.

&Estimatingintensityoficepellets（小球）：

Light:

Scatteredpelletsthatdonotcompletelycoveranexposedsurfaceregardlessofduration.

Moderate:

Slowaccumulation（堆积）onground.Visibilityreducedbyicepelletstolessthan7statuemiles.

Heavy:

Rapidaccumulationonground.Visibilityreducedbyicepelletstolessthan7statuemiles.

&Estimatingintensityofsnowordrizzle（basedonvisibility）:

Light:

visibilitymorethan1/2statuemile.

Moderate:

visibilityfrommorethan1/4statutemileto1/2statuemile.

Heavy:

visibility1/4statuemileorless.

&ProximityisreportedonlyforweatheroccurringinthevicinityoftheairportanddenotedbyVC.Vicinityrefersto5-10smfromthepointofobservation.NointensitysymbolisshownwhenVCisreported

&Descriptor（描述符）:

Furtheridentifyweatherphenomenaandareusedwithcertaintypesofprecipitationandobscuration:

MI=shallow（薄的浅的）andfurtherdescribesfogthatlittleverticalextent（伸展）（lessthan6ft）

BC=patches（修补）anddescribesfogthathaslittleverticalextentandreduceshorizontalvisibility.

DR=lowdrifting（推进力）andisusedwhendust,sand,orsnowisraisedbythewindtolessthan6ft.

BL=blowing（吹气）andisusedwhendust,sand,orsnowand/orsprayisraisedtoaheightof6ftormore.

TSandSHoftenusedwithprecipitationbuttheintensityonlyreferstotheprecipitation,notthedescriptor.

9.skycondition:

&Reportedineighths（八分之一）:

SKCorCLR0FEW1/8-2/8SCT3/8-4/8BKN5/8-7/8

OVC8/8

&Alayer（层）iscloudsorobscuringphenomenawhenthebaseisatapproximatelythesamelevel.

&Aceiling（天花板）istheheightofthelowestbrokenorovercast（使阴暗）layer

&Heightisreportedina3digitnumberinAGL（AtlasGlobalLogistics:

阿特拉斯全球物流；澳大利亚公司）

Whenmorethanonelayerisreported,they’regiveninascending（上升的）orderofheight（FEW010SCT025BRK060）（高度）

Ifatoweringcumulusorcumulonimbus（塔状云）orcumulonimbus（积雨云）ispresent,theyarereportedaftertheheightforwhichtheirbaserepresents（象征）.

10.Temperature/dewpoint

&ReportedinCelsius（摄氏）in2digitformseparatedbya‘/’

&TempsbelowzeroareprecededbyanM

&Iftempispresentbutthedewpointismissing,thetempisreportedfollowedbya“/”.Ifthetempismissing,thewholelineisomitted（删去）

11.Altimeter:

&Reportedina4digitformat（版式）preceded（在。

。

。

。

之前加上）byanA

&Normalrangeis28.00-31.00

12.Remarks（观察）:

&Includedinallobservations

&Exceptforprecipitation（降雨雪）,allphenomenawithin5smofthepointofobservationarereportedasatthestation.

&Distanceremarksareinsmexceptforlightningwhichisinnm.

&Directionofphenomenaisindicated（指示）withthe8pointsonthecompass

N,NE,E,SE,S,SW,W,NW

&Movementofweatherisindicatedbythedirectiontowardwhichthephenomenaismoving

TAF

Concise（简明的）statementoftheexpectedmeteorologicalconditionsatairportduringaspecifiedperiod

Scheduled4timesdailyat0000Z,0600Z,1200Z,and1800Z

UsethesamecodesasMETARsandthesameorderofitems

1.Timeelements:

&TEMPO,temporary

Usedfortemporaryfluctuations（波动）inwind,visibility,weatherorskyconditionthatareexpectedtolast（持续）notlessthan1hourandtooccur（发生）lessthanhalfofthetimeperiod.

Followedbya4digitgroupgivingthebeginningandendinghouroftheperiodforthetemporaryconditions:

5SMBRBKN030TEMPO13162SMBR（Thevisibilitywilltemporarilyto2smbetween1300and1600.）

&FM,form:

Whenarapidandsignificantchange,usuallyoccurringinlessthan1hourisexpected

Containswind,visibility,weather,skyconditionandwindshear（风暴）

&Weatherandwindshearcanbeomittedifthey’renotsignificant（有影响的）toaviation（飞行）。

&FM160016010KTP6SMSKC

&From1600Zwindwillbefrom160at10knots,visibilityisgreaterthan6smandskywillbeclear.

&BECMG,becoming:

Agradualchangeisexpectedoveralongerperiodoftimebutnotlongerthan2hours.

4digitnumbershowingthestartandstoptimeforthecondition

OnlythechangingconditionsarereportedinBECMGgroup.

#BECMG222420013G20KT4SMSHRAOVC020

#between2200and2400Zconditionswillbecomewindsfrom200at13knotsgustingto20knots,4smvisibilitywithrainshowersandovercastat2000ft

&PROB,probability

Indicates（指出）thechanceofthunderstormsorotherprecipitationwithassociated（联想的）weatherconditions.

#PROB40meansthere’sa40-49%chance

#PROB30meansthere’sa30-39%chance

#Ifthechanceis50%orgreaterit’sconsideredprevailing（盛行的）windandincludedintheweatherorTEMPOsections.

4digitnumbergivesstartandstoptimes:

（PROB4000062SMTSRAOVC008CB0=between0000-0600Zthere’sa40-49%chanceof2smvisibility,thunderstormswithmoderaterain,ceilingof800ftove