乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照.docx

乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照.docx

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乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照

外文文献

RURALTOURISMANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION

RuraltourismisasegmentofthetotaltouristindustrywhichisparticularlyimportantinHungary,inacountrywithnospectacularnaturalattractions,withoutseaside,highmountains,rainforestorherdsofexoticanimals.However,itsattractiveculturallandscapeswithsmallvillages,thermalsprings,riversandlakes,combinedwiththetraditionalhospitality,areabletoofferpleasantexperiencestothekindoftouristwhoislookingforrelaxationandrecreationinacalmsetting.

Ononehand,ruraltourismdevelopmentcanplayanimportantroleinthediversificationoftheHungariantouristsupplyandinthecreationofamorecomplexandcolourfulcountryimage.Ontheotherhand,ruraltourismisnotonlytheend,butthemeanstostimulateeconomicgrowth,toincreasetheviabilityofunderdevelopedregions,andtoimprovethelivingstandardsoflocalpopulations.

Ifruraltourismistofulfilalltheseroles,ithastobedevelopedinawaythatensuresthelong-termsustainabilityoftheresourcesandthatofthedevelopmentprogressitself.Butwhatisasustainablewayofdevelopmentinruraltourism?

Howcansustainabilitybemonitoredandpromotedinruraldestinations?

ThispaperattemptstoanswerthesequestionsbypresentingthecurrentsituationofHungarianruraltourismthroughindicatorsthatareconsideredtoberelevantforthistypeoftourism.

SUSTAINABLETOURISMDEVELOPMENT

TheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentwasintroducedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheBrundtlandReportin1987,definingsustainabledevelopmentas"developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds".

Tourismisoneoftheforemosteconomicactivitiesaroundtheworld,havingtransportedmorethan617millionpeopleinternationallyandgenerated448billionUSDinreceiptsin1997（WTO,1998）.Itisamajoreconomicforce,havinggeneratedin1996anestimated3,153.3billionUSDingrossoutput,creatingemploymentforapp.255millionpeople,producingapp.10.7percentofworldgrossdomesticproduct,investingapp.766billionUSDinnewfacilitiesandequipmentannually,andcontributingmorethanapp.653.3billionUSDtoglobaltaxrevenue（WTTC,1996）.

Thevolumeandsignificanceoftourismclearlyshowsthatitisnotenoughtodevelopnewformsof"alternative"tourisminordertominimisethenegativeandmaximisethepositiveimpactsoftourismdevelopment.Thewholesectormustbedevelopedandmanagedinawaythatitdoesnotdamagethenaturalandsocio-culturalenvironmentandthisistheresponsibilityoftheworld-widetourismindustry.

ThoughtheBrundtlandreportmadenospecialreferencetotourism,sinceitspublication,theroleoftourismintheprocessofcontinuouslymisusingtheEarth'sresourceshasbeenanalysedandtheconceptofsustainabletourismappeared.

Sustainabletourismhasseveral-oftenseriouslydebated-definitions.AccordingtothedefinitionoftheFederationofNatureandNationalParks,sustainabletourismis"allformsoftourismdevelopment,managementandactivitythatmaintaintheenvironmental,socialandeconomicintegrityandwell-beingofnatural,builtandculturalresourcesinperpetuity"（FNNP,1993）.ApublicationbytheTourismConcernandtheWorldWideFundforNaturedefinessustainabletourismastourismwhich"operateswithinnaturalcapacitiesfortheregenerationandfutureproductivityofnaturalresources;recognisesthecontributionthatpeopleandcommunities,customsandlifestyles,maketothetourismexperience;acceptsthatthesepeoplemusthaveanequitableshareintheeconomicbenefitsoftourism;andisguidedbythewishesoflocalpeopleandcommunitiesinthehostareas"（TourismConcern&WWF,1992）.

Thoughtheexistingdefinitionsusuallydifferintheirfocusorlevelofelaborateness,themainmessageoftheBrundtlandReportseemstobemoreandmoreacceptedbythetourismindustryallovertheworld.However,thenotionofsustainabilityisaverycomplexoneandithasmanyramifications（Mowforth&Munt,1998）.

Ecologicalsustainability,whichmeansthattourismdevelopmentdoesnotcauseirreversiblechangesinagivendestination'secosystem,isthemostcommonlyaccepteddimension,sincethereisanobviousneedallovertheworldtoprotectnaturalresourcesfromthenegativeimpactsoftourismactivities.Thegeneralgrowthofenvironment-awarenesshassignificantlycontributedtothistrend.Socialsustainabilityreferstotheabilityofacommunitytoabsorbtourism（boththeindustryandthetouriststhemselves）withoutthecreationofsocialdisharmony.Culturalsustainabilityinthecontextoftourismassumesthatagivencommunityisabletoretainoradapttheirowndistinctiveculturaltraitsagainstthepressureofboththeso-called"touristculture"andthe"residualculture"ofthevisitors（Jafari,1987）.Economicsustainabilityreferstoalevelofeconomicgainfromtourismthatissufficienttoprovideanappropriateincomeforthelocalcommunity（comparedtotheinconveniencecausedbytheactivitiesofthetourismsector）andtocoverallthecostsofanyspecialmeasuretakentosatisfythetourists（thusapreconditionofeconomicsustainabilityistheattractivenessofanareaandtheperceivedhighqualityofitstouristsupply:

withoutbeinginacompetitivepositionintheworldmarket,nodestinationcanbeeconomicallysustainable）.

Thedifferentaspectsofsustainabilitydonotcompete,butmustbeseenasequallyimportant.Highlevelofeconomicprofitabilitymustnotbeconsideredasatooltocoveroverthedamagedonetosocialornaturalresources,buttherelativefragilenatureoftheselattermustnotcreateaplanningenvironmentwhereeconomicconsiderationsarenotbeingtaken（properly）.Sustainabletourismdevelopmenthastobeeconomicallyviableandnaturallyandculturallysensitiveatthesametime.

Aswecouldsee,inappropriatetourismdevelopmentresultsinincreasingstressondestinationsandconsequentlyinnegativechangesinthedestinations'physical,economicandsocial-culturalcharacteristics.Inordertoavoidorminimiseunfavourableimpacts,decision-makersmustbeawareofallthefactorsthatplayaroleinthedevelopmentprocess.Inthemeasurementoftheprogressthatanindividualdestinationismakingtowardssustainabletourismdevelopment,sustainabilityindicatorsarecommonlyacceptedasonesetofusefultools.

INDICATORSOFSUSTAINABILITY

"Indicatorsmeasureinformationwithwhichdecision-makersmayreducethechancesofunknowinglytakingpoordecisions"（WTO,1996）.Inotherwords,indicatorsareasetofusefulmeasuresofthosefactorsthatareimportanttothedecision-makers（therelativesignificanceofthesefactorsdependontheirrelevancetothedevelopmentobjectivesofagivendestination,andontheirimportancetotourists）."Indicatorsarebothatoolformanagementtodayandaninvestmentinthefuture,sincetheyreducetheriskofinadvertentdamagetotheresourcebaseonwhichthe[tourist]industrydepends"（WTO,1996）.

Basedondifferentguidelinesandrecommendations（TourismConcern&WWF,1992;McCool&Watson,1994;Murphy,1994;Howie,1996;Swarbrooke,1996;WTO,1996;Mowforth&Munt,1998）,theindicatorssuggestedforthepurposeofthisstudyarethefollowing（Table1）:

Table1-IndicatorsofSustainabilityinRuralTourism

Indicator

Measure

1.Stress

-Numberofvisitors/tourists（perannum/season）

2.Socialstress

-Ratioofvisitor/touristnumberstolocalpopulation（perannum/season）

3.Attractiveness

-Listofnaturalandculturalresources

-Rateofattractivenessofnaturalandculturalresources

4.Planningprocess

-Existenceoflocal/regionalplanfordevelopment

5.Tourismplanningprocess

-Existenceoflocal/regionalplanfortourismdevelopment

6.Areaprotection

-Categoryofprotection

-Percentageofprotectedareacomparedtothewhole

   territoryofthedestination

7.Localinvolvement

-Ratioofthenumberoflocallyownedtouristbusinessestothetotalnumberoftouristbusinesses

8.Localcontrol

-Existenceofformalmeasures（publichearing,communitymeeting,localreferendum）toensurelocalcontroloverevelopmentplanningandimplementation

9.Employment

-Numberofjobscreatedintourism（full-timeequivalent）

-Ratiooflocalemployeenumbertothenumberofguestworkers

10.Tourismcontributiontothelocaleconomy

-Proportionoftotaltaxincomegeneratedbytourismonly

11.Economicdiversity

-Shareofdifferenteconomicactivitiesinthetotaltaxincome

12.Energyconsumption

-Ratioofrenewableenergysourcestonon-renewableenergysources（consumption）

13.Wastemanagement

-Percentageofhouseholdswithpropersewagesystem

-Percentageofwastereceivingtreatment

14.Educationandtraining

-Percentageoflocalpeopleinvolvedintourismwith

   professionaltrainingandeducation

-Distributionoftourismemployeesbyeducation

-Percentageoftourismemployees（andlocalpeople）

   participatinginon-the-jobtraininginagiventimeperiod

15.Localsatisfaction

-Overallperceptionoftourism'simpactsinlocalcommunity

16.Tourist

satisfaction

-Overallsatisfactionoftouristsconcerningthequalityandthevalue/priceratioofthecomplextouristproduct

-Percentage/changeofrepeatvisitscomparedtofirst-timevisits

THECONCEPTOFRURALTOURISM

Ruraltourismisanoldandanewphenomenonatthesametime.Interestincountrysiderecreationstartedtogrewalreadyinthe19.centuryasareactiontothestressoftheincreasingurbanizationandindustrialisation.Theruralscenewasadmi