The Regularity of Nomenclature.docx

The Regularity of Nomenclature.docx

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TheRegularityofNomenclature

TheRegularityofNomenclature

OfMed.andBiol.Terms

1.词缀法

（1）词根

aem-arterio-bio-cardio-cyt-

denti-gastro-hepato-myelo-myo-

nephro-neural-ocul-nutri-peps-

ossteo-patho-pneumono-tom-,atomtox-

ur-vaso-

（2）前缀

A．基本前缀

anti-antibodyun-unhealthy

im-implantationex-excrete

B.术语前缀

a-afebrilean-anemiades-desinfection

dia-dialvsisdys-dysuriainter-intercellular

hyper-hyperacidityhypo-hypoglycemia

macro-macrophagemicro-microphage

multi-multicellularoligo-oliguria

para-parahepatitistrans-transposition

C．基本后缀

-tiontransplantation-mentmovement

-ifymodify-izeorganize

-ableviable-arycapillary

-lytherapeutically-wardforward

D.术语后缀

-accardiac-cidebactericide

-cyteleucocvte-formcylindriform

-itisappendicitis-algiaarthralgia

-emialeukemia-otomygastrotomy-ectomyhepatectomy-achestomachache

-celemyelocele

2.合成法

pneumo-nomycossalpmgo-oophor-itisnyctalbumin-uriastaphylococc-emiathromboblastosis

hepatocholangioduodenostomy

3.缩略法

AB=asthmaticAb=antobodyab=abortionRC=redcell

AID=acuteinfectiousdiseasepert=pertussis

TheRegularityofNomenclature

ofInorganicCompounds

1.词缀法

A.词根

carbo-mercuri-hydro-mangano-

oxy-sodio-nitro-potassio-

phopho-sulf-ammo-silico-

chloro-cupro-fluoro-ferri-

bromo-ferro-iodo-argent-

B后缀-ic-ous

cupricoxidecupriousoxide

ferricoxideferrousoxide

nitricacidnitrousacid

-ate-ite-ide

chloratechloritechloride

nitratenitritenitride

sulfatesulfitesulfide

C前缀per-per--icacidper--ate

percarbonicacidpercarbonate

peroxynitricacidperoxynitrate

permanganicacidpermanganate

hypo-hypo--icacidhypo--ousacid

hypo--atehypo--ite

hypophosphoricacidhypoiodousacid

hypophosphatehypoiodite

pyro-pyro--icacidpyro--ousacid

pyro--atepyro--ite

pyrophosphoricacidpyrophosphorousacid

pyrophosphatepyrophosphite

meta-meta--icacidmeta--ousacid

meta--atemeta--ite

metaphosphoricacidmetaphosphorousacid

metaphosphatemetaphosphite

mono-bi-tri-tetra-penta-

monooxidebioxidetrisulfidetetrasulfidepentasulfide

sexa-septa-octa-none-deca-2.合成法

chlorhydricacidhydrochloridehydrocarbon

3.缩略法

a.O=oxygenB=boronC=carbonS=sulfur

b.Br.=bromineSi=siliconNa=natriumAl=aluminum

c.Ag=argentumHg=hydrargyrum

d.Feo=ferricoxideKI=kotassiumiodode

TheRegularityofNomenclature

OfOrganicCompounds

1.词缀法

（1）词根

-meth--eth--prop--but--pent

-hex--hept--oct--non--dec-

-undec--dodec--tridec--tetradec--pentadec

-hexadec--heptadec--octadec--nonadec--eicos-

（2）后缀

A．表示烃的后缀

基烷烃烯烃炔烃

化合物名称（ground）（alkane）（alkene）（alkyne）

后缀-yl-ane-eneyne/-ine

e.g.ethylethaneetheneethyne

pentylpentanepentenepentyne

octyloctaneocteneoctyne

B.表示醇、醛、酮、胺的后缀

化合物名称醇醛酮胺

（alcohol）（aldehyde）（ketone）（amine）

后缀-anol-anal-anone-amine

e.g.propanolpropanalpropanonepropylamine

butanolbutanalbutanonebutylamine

C.有机酸后缀-anoic

e.g.methanoicacidethanoicacidbutanoicacid

D.糖类的命名后缀-ose

e.g.methosebiosetriosetetrose

E.酶的确后半缀-asee.g.diataselipase

F.生物碱后缀-inee.g.atropinehyoscyamine

B.表示化学结构的前缀

n-:

normaliso-:

isomerictrans-:

transoid

pri-:

primarysec-:

secondtert-:

tertiary

o-:

orthom-:

metap-:

para

v-:

vicinalunsym-:

unsymmetricalsym-:

symmetrical

S-:

simisterR-:

rectusD-:

dextrorotatory

L-:

laevorotatory

2.合成法

A：

词根

benzenecyanophenylacyl

aminoazoaminediazo

ammoniumazidephenolquino

etherhydrazineketonhydrazone

sterooxime

e.g.methylaminep-dichlorobenzene

methylisobutylketone

3.缩略法

a.DPM:

diphenylmethaneHAB:

p-hydroxyazobenzene

b.alc:

alcoholalk:

alkaliammon:

ammoniacal

c.ac:

acid/aceticacid/acetyl

HF:

hydrofluoricacid/hydrogenfluoride

TheReadingofPackageInsert

Passage1

AMPICILLINIBL

WideSpectrumAntibiotic

Theampicillinisanantibioticthathasbeendrawnbysynthesisofthebasicnucleousofpenicillin,i.e.the6-

aminopenicillanicacidandpresentsaspectrumofactiononGram-positiveandGram-negativegerms,largerthananyotherpreparationofnaturalorsemi-syntheticpenicillin.

Asitisaresistantacid,itiswellabsorbedbyosanditspreadsovertheblood,whereitisfoundinfreeform,thatenablesthebacterialactiontotakeplace.

Theampicillinspreadsrapidlyinthetissuesandthroughtheserousmembranesandiseliminated,quicklyandathighconcentrationsbytheabiliaryandurinarytracts.

INDICATIONS

Infectionsoftherespiratorytracts:

pharingites,sinusites,

otites,bronchites,broncho-pneumoniae,pneumoniae.

Infectionsoftheurinarytracts:

acuteandchroniccystites,urethrites,pyelites,cystopyelites,pyelonephrites.

Intestinalinfections:

gastroenterites,bacillarydysen-tery,salmonellosis.

Infectionsofthebiliarytracts:

cholecystites,angio-cholites

InfectionsbyH.Influenzae.

Miscellaneousinfections:

endocarditesandsepsisbysensitivegerms,gonorrhoea,surgicalinfections,preo-peratingantobiotictreatment.

DOSAGE

Adults:

1capsuleevery4-6hoursforGram-positiveinfections.2capsulesevery2-4hoursforGram-negative

infections.1vialevery6-8-12hoursi.m.

Children:

50-100mgperkiloofbodyweightdaily,subdividedindosesadministeredevery6hours.Thegranulatedformisadvisableforchildrenuptotheageofsix.Itshouldbedilutedinwaterormilk.

I.M.injectionsshouldbeadministeredintheamountof25-50mgdailyperkiloofbodyweight,subdividedintoinjectionsevery6-8-12hour.AmpicillinIBLmaybeadministereddirectlyi.v.in20-30mlofphysiologicalsolutionorinbidistilledwater,orbyphleboclysisin250-500mlofphysiologicalsolution.

Contra-indications:

Theampicilliniscontra-indicated

forpenicillinsensitivepatients.

Theampicillinisinactiveintheinfectionsproducedbypenicillinresistantgerms.

PACKING

Bottleof12capsules250mgand500mg.

Boxof12capsules250mginblister.

Bottleof100capsules250mgand500mg.

Boxof100capsules250mginblisters.

Bottleforpediatricuse（granulated）:

20gmgranulatedcontain1gmampicillin.Thecontentofthespoonincludedinthepackingcorrespondsto100mgampicillin.

Bottleforpediatricuse（granulated）:

25gmgranulatedcontain1.5gmampicillin.Thecontentofthespoonincludedinthepackingcorrespondsto125mgampicillin.

Bottleforadultuse（granulated）:

25gmgranulatedcontain3gmampicillin.Thecontentofthespoonincludedinthepackingcorrespondsto250mgampicillin.

Injectablevialcontaining250mgampicillinintheformoflyophilizedsodiumsaltandsolventampoulecontaining1.2mlapyrogenicbidistilledwater.

Injectablevialcontaining500mgampicillinintheformoflyophilizedsodiumsaltandsolventampoulecontaining2.5mlapyrogenicbidistilledwater.Injectablevialcontaining1gmampicillinintheformoflyophilizedsodiumsaltandsolventampoulecontaining5mlapyrogenicbidistilledwater.

ISSTITUTOBIOCHIMICOITALIANO-MILAN

Passage2.

ADALAT

Highlyeffectivecoronarytherapeuticagent

Composition

1capsulecontains10mg1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethl-4（0-nitrophenyl）-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylieaciddimethylester（nifedipine）.

Indications

Adalatisusedforthetreatmentandprophylaxisofacuteandchroniccoronaryinsufficiency（inparticularAnginapectoris,post-infarctionsyndrome）

Action

Theactivesubstance—developedintheBayerresearchlaboratories—wastestedforyearsaccordingtostringent

internationalcriteria.Themostimportantpropertiescon-firmedinthesetrialsare:

Markedlyimprovedoxygensupplytothemyocardium,togetherwithmarkeddecreaseinoxygenrequirement.

Objectiveevidenceofeffectafteroraltreatmenteveninlowdosage.

Favorableratiobetweenintensityanddurationofeffect,andgoodtolerance.

DosageandAdministration

Long-termtreatment:

Unlessotherwiseprescribedbythephysician,theaveragedailydoseis1capsule3timesdaily.Inspecialcases,upto2capsules3timesdailycanbetaken.Thereshouldbeanintervalofatleast2hoursbetweenanytwodoses.Generally,thecapsuleshouldbeswallowedunchewedwithalittleliquid.

Impendinganginalattack:

Ifaparticularlyquickonsetofeffectisrequiredincaseofimpendinganginalattack,thecapsuleshouldbebittenandthepleasanttastingcontentsallowedtoremaininthemouthforashorttime.Owingtocontactwiththebuccalmucosatheactivesubstanceisrapidlyabsorbed.Theemptycapsulecanthenbeswallowed.

Contraindication

Pregnancy.

Sideeffects

Sideeffectsoccureonlyrarelyand,ifatall,intheearlystagesoftreatment.Theyaretransientandusuallymild.Occasionalsymptomsmaybeheadache,heatsensation,nausea,anddizziness.Inpatientssufferingfromdizziness,headache,tirednessornausea,reactivity（e.g.intraffic）maybeimpaired.

Note

Adalatcanenhanceorsupplementtheactionofdrugsloweringthebloodpressure,andofbetablockingagents.

Presentation

30capsules

Madeby

BayerLeverkusen,Germany

Passage3

AMIKACINU.S.P.XXI

COMPOSITION:

Pierceableplugbottlescontaining100-200-250-350-500-1000mgAmikacin（aswatersolublesulphate）,respectively.

Directions:

AmikacinisusefulinthetreatmentofinfectionfromGram-negativesensitivespecies,thereincludedthePseudo-monasspecies;itmayalsobeusefultotreatinfectionscausedbysensitivestaphylococci.

Contra-indications:

Knownindividualhypersensitivitytotheantobiotic.

POSOLOGYANDWAYOFADMINISTRATION

---Adultsandchildren:

15mg/kg/dieintwotimes.

---Inseriouscasesorinthepresenceofinfectionsfrompseudomonas15mg/kg/diein3timesdaily.

---New-bornandprematurebabies:

initialdosage10mg/