外教社商务英语入门期末概念词汇等总结.docx

外教社商务英语入门期末概念词汇等总结.docx

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外教社商务英语入门期末概念词汇等总结

1．FormsofBusinessOwnership

1.重要的短语和词汇

jointventures合资企业corporations公司limitedliabilitycompanies有限责任公司mergersandacquisitions企业兼并与收购franchises特许经营raisecapital筹资fringebenefits附加福利drawback阻碍makebindingdecisions做出有约束力的，附有义务的决定agreement协议creditor债权人pooltheirmoneyandcredit筹资和贷款dividend股息incorporateabusiness组建公司capitalbase资本基础retainprofits保留盈余interdisciplinary跨学科的claimbankruptcy宣布破产asalariedlaboreroremployee上班族high-achievementemployeegenerateprofit创造利润windup/closebusiness关闭生意beliablefor对...负有法律责任state-ownedenterprise国有企业broadofdirectors董事会barre除...之外issuance发行minutebook记录簿bylawsandminutes规章制度和会议记录annualreport年度报告salesvolume销售量totalassets总资产financialcondition财政状况satisfyclaims还清索赔金额payoffbusinessdebts偿清债务terminology术语paperwork文书工作default违约realstate房地产createaconcentratedmarket形成一个集中市场availability可利用性innovation创新sec-killscandal秒杀门startfromscratch白手起家afranchiseagreement特许经营合同franchise特许者franchisee被特许者trademark注册商标deliveraproductorservice送货/提供服务coupon优惠券productionline生产线

2.定义：

Anorganizationthatisowned.andusuallymanaged,byonepersoniscalledsoleproprietorships（个人企业）Advantage:

Beyourownboss/Keepprofitfromyourbusiness/EnjoyfreedomtowindupyourbusinessDisadvantage:

Difficulttoraisecapital/Unlimitedliability/Longhoursworkingfortheowner/Limitedlifespan/Losefringebenefits

Partnership（合伙企业）:

Alegalrelationshipbetweenpersonscarryingonaprofit-motivatedbusiness.（maybeapartnershipbetweentwopartnersoramongthirty）AdvantagesBringdifferentskillsandresourcethebusiness/Easiertopaytherent,utilities,andotherbillsincurredbyabusiness（Alimitedpartnershipisspeciallytodesignedtoraisemoney）DisadvantagesPersonallyresponsibleforliabilityofthepartnership/Thereexistsdivisionofprofits/Disagreementamongpartners/DifficulttoterminateKeyelementsofgeneralpartnership

（1）commonownership

（2）sharedprofitsandlosses（3）therighttoparticipateinmanagingtheoperationofthebusiness

Generalpartnership（普通合伙）：

abusinesswithatleastonegeneralpartnerwhohasunlimitedliability（无限责任）forthedebtsofthebusiness（generalpartnersarrangeandrunthebusiness）

Limitedpartnership（有限合伙）:

Anarrangementwhereapersoncancontributetoabusinesswithoutbeinginvolvedintheaffairsofthepartnership（limitedpartnersareinvestorsonly）

JointVentures:

（合资企业）thepoolingofresourcesandexpertisebytwoormorebusiness,typicallyfromdifferentareasorcountriestoachieveaparticulargoal.therisksandrewardsoftheenterprisearealsoshared（eg:

Hewlett-PackardandSamsung）.AdvantageAccesstonewmarketsanddistributionnetworks*分销渠道）/Increasedcapacity（生产力）/Thesharingofriskswithapartner/Accesstospecializedstaffandtechnology.Disadvantages1.Iftheobjectiveoftheventureiscompletelyclear,ornotcommunicatedtoallthestaff,problemsarelikelytoarise.2.Thereisanimbalanceintheleveloftheexpertise,investmentorassetsbroughtintotheventurebythedifferentthepartners3.Differentcultureandmanagementstyleresultsinpoorintegrationandco-operationbetweenthepartners.

4.Thepartnerbusinesses（总公司）donotprovidesufficientleadershipandsupportintheearlystage

Thecorporation（公司）:

alegalentity（法人实体）,allowedbylegislation,whichpermitsagroupofpeople,asshareholders（股东）（for-profitcompanies盈利性企业）ormembers（non-profitcompanies）,tocreateanorganization,whichcanthenfocusonpursuingsetobjective,andempowered（授权与）withlegalrightswhichareusuallyonlyreservedforindividual,suchastosueorbesued,ownproperty,hireemployeesorloanandborrowmoneyAdvantages（P12.13）Limitedliability/Skilledmanagementteam/Transferofownership/Greatercapitalbase/StabilityDisadvantages（P13,14）Multipletaxation（双重课税）/Difficultyandexpenseofstarting/Governmentinvolvement/Lackofsecrecy/Lackofpersonalinterest/Creditlimitations（信用额度）（P13,14）

Limitedliabilitycompanies（LLC）:

（有限责任公司）Atypeofbusinessownershipcombiningseveralfeaturesofcorporationandpartnershipstructure.Itisnotacorporationorapartnership.ThenumbersofthemembersareunlimitedandmaybeindividualAdvantagesLimitedliability/Flexibleprofitdistribution（灵活的利益分配）/Nominutes/Flowthroughtaxation（转移课税）DisadvantagesLimitedlife/Goingpublic（上市）/Addedcomplexity（变得复杂）

Merger（兼并）:

theresultofthecombinationoftwocompanies（orcorporations）toformanewcompany.Acquisition（收购）:

onecompanybuyingthepropertyandobligationsofanothercompany

Ahorizontalmerger（横向收购）joinsfirmsinthesameindustryandallowsthemtodiversify（横线多样化）orexpendtheirproducts（e.g.Themergerofabicyclecompanyandatricyclecompany,TCLandTMS）

AVerticalmerger（纵向兼并）isthejoiningoftwofirmsinvolvedindifferentstagesoftherelatedbusiness—amanufacture（生产商）mergingwithasupplier（供应商）ofcomponent（零部件）products,oramanufacturermergingwithdistributor（分销商）ofitsproducts.

Apotentialcompetitionmerger（conglomerate）（混合兼并）unitesfirmsincompletelyunrelatedindustrials.

Afranchises（特许经营）istherighttouseabusinessnameandsellproductsorservices,usuallyinaspecificgeographicalterritory.（McDonald’sandKFC）.AdvantagesItisawaytoreduceriskandreceivesupportfromalargenetwork./Thepreliminaryworkhasbeendonewithaninfrastructure（基础设施）wellestablished,aproductline（产品线）inplace,andthemarketingstrategy（营销策略）developed./Thecustomerbase（顾客群）maybeset,sometimeswithgoodnamerecognition.（品牌认同）/Thefranchiserusuallyprovidesmanagementassistanceandtrainingandmayofferfinancialsupport.DisadvantagesAfranchiseofferslessfreedomthananindependentbusiness.

Initialfranchisefees（加盟费）maybeexpensive.（Start-upcostsforaKFC’srestaurantisabout$5millionto$6millioninChina.）/Thefranchiseoftendemandsalargeshareoftheprofitsreferredtoasroyaltypayments（专利权税）./Thereputationofonefranchiseecouldbeadverselyaffectedbythefailingsofothers.

Typesofcorporations

PrivateAttemptstoearnasatisfactoryprofit

PublicOwnedandrunbythegovernment

ClosedStockheldbyonlyafewownerandnotsoldonthestockmarket

OpenStockheldbynumerouspeopleandactivelysoldonthemarket

MunicipalCitiesandtownshipsthatcarryoutbusiness

Domesticincorporatedinoneprovinceorcountryanddoingbusinesswithinthatregion

ForeignIncorporatedinoneprovinceorcountryanddoingbusinessinanotherprovincecountry

AlienIncorporatedinonenationandoperatinginanothernation

Non-Serviceorganizationincorporatedfor

Profitlimited-liabilitystatus

2．Management

1.定义：

（1.）Managementisdefinedastheapplicationofplanning,organizing,directing,andcontrollingfunctionsinthemostefficientmannerpossibletoaccomplishmeaningfulorganizationalobjectives.Thethemeofmanagementisthatacentralpersonmust-byusingsuchskillsasdecisionmaking,communicationandobjectivesetting-coordinatetheworkactivitiesofotherstoachieveorganizationalobjectives（组织目标）.（书上39页图）

（2.）Planningmeansdefininggoalsforfutureorganizationalperformance（企业运作）anddecidingonthetasksanduseofresourcesneededtoattainthem.

Strategic（long-range）planning（战略规划）determinesthemajorgoalsoftheorganizationaswellasthepolicies,procedures,andstrategiesforobtainingandusingresourcestoachievethosegoals.

Tactical（short-range）planning（短期规划）istheprocessofdevelopingdetailed,short-termstrategiesaboutwhatistobedone,whoistodoit,andhowitistodbedone.

Operationalplanning（运营规划）istheprocessofsettingworkstandardsandschedulesnecessarytoimplementthetacticalobjectives.

Contingencyplanning（应急计划）istheprocessofpreparingalternativecoursesofactionthatmaybeusediftheprimaryplansdon'tachievetheorganization'sobjectives.

（3）.Organizinginvolvestheassignmentoftasks,thegroupingoftasksintodepartments,andtheallocationofresourcestodepartments.

Autocraticleadership（专制型领导），theclosestyleofsupervision,meansprovidingsubordinateswithdetailedjobinstructions.

Democraticleadership（民主型领导），orgeneralsupervision（alsoreferredtoasparticipatory）.Inthisstyle,themanagerconsultswithsubordinatesabouthisjobactivities,problems,andcorrectiveactions.

（3）Controllinginvolvesverifying（核实）thatactualperformancematchestheplan.Thecoreideaofcontrolistomodifybehaviorandperformancewhendeviations（背离）fromplansarediscovered.

Theprocessofcontrolhasfivebasicsteps:

1.setclearstandardsfortime,quality,quantity,andsoon.

2.Monitorandrecordactualperformance（results）,

3.Compareresultsagainstplansandstandards.

4.Communicateresultsanddeviationstotheemployeesinvolved.

5.Takecorrectiveactions（采取矫正行动）whenneeded.

（4）Organizationalstructure（组织结构）istheformaldecision-makingframeworkbywhichjobtasksaredivided,grouped,coordinated,（书上47页图）

Departmentalizationbyfunctionorganizesbythefunctionstobeperformed,

Departmentalizationbyproductassemblesallfunctionsneededtomakeandmarketaparticularproductandplacedunderoneexecutive.

Departmentalizationbygeographicalregionsgroupsjobsonthebasisofterritoryorgeography.

Departmentalizationbyprocessgroupsjobsonthebasisofproductorcustomerflow.

Departmentalizationbycustomergroupsjobsonthebasisofacommonsetofneedsorproblemsofspecificcustomers.

（5.）Asenterprisesgrowfromanownertoagrouptoacorporation,anumberofmanageriallevelsofmanagement---toplevel,middlelevelandfirstlevel--areusuallyportrayedasamanagerialhierarchy（管理层）（书53图表）

TOPLevelManger（高层管理者）title--p