外文文献翻译封面格式及要求模版.docx

外文文献翻译封面格式及要求模版.docx

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外文文献翻译封面格式及要求模版

毕业论文外文文献翻译

院系：

经济与管理系

年级专业：

2011级国际经济与贸易

姓名：

某某某

学号：

112041101

附件：

AustralianExportsofDairyProducts:

ChallengesandOpportunities

指导老师评语：

指导教师签名：

2015年4月3日

备注：

（注意：

备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）

1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）；

2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献，页码从正文开始到英文结束；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，页码重新从正文开始到结束，中英文两部分之间用分页符隔开。

也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。

3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Timesnewroman之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。

中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。

（注意：

备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）

【Abstract】ExportsofdairyproductsarebecomingincreasinglyimportantintermsofexportearningsforAustralia.TheindustryisthefourthhighestforeignexchangeearnercomparedtoallAustralia'sfoodexports.However,Australianexportsofdairyproductsaccountforabout67percentofthetotalAustralianproductionofdairyproducts,andabout13percentoftotalworldexportsofdairyproducts.About68percentofAustraliandairyproductsexportsaresoldonAsianmarkets.ThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminethechallengingissuesandopportunitiesforAustralianexportsofdairyproductsonworldmarketsandtoidentifypotentialandemergingexportmarketsforAustraliandairyproducts.Australiaishighlyrestrictedonitsaccesstoworlddairyproductmarketsbytheimpactofexportsubsidiesandothertradebarriersofoverseasmarkets.ThecurrentcconomicandpoliticalcrisesinAsiaarealsonotfavourabletomaintainexportsalesonsomeoftheAsianmarkets.TheexportsupportschcmeinAustraliahasmadeexportingattractiverelativctodomesticsales.ButitisanticipatedthattheterminationoftheschemeafterJune2000,willreduceproductionandexportsby6and20percent,respectivelyintheshortrun.However,inthelongrun,resourceswillbeefficientlyusedwithoutgovernmentinterventionandAustraliandairyproductswillalsobccompetitivconthedomesticmarket.ThereisscopeforgreatermarketopportunitiesintheemergingmarketsinAsiaandotherpartsoftheworldforAustraliandairyproducts.Australiawillalsobcnefitfromtheagreementoninternationaltradethatdirectsexportingcountriestoreduceexportsubsidyandremovenon-tarifftradebarriersonexportsofdairyproducts.Australiashouldimplementappropriatcmeasurestoincreasethemilkyieldperww,toimprovethequalityofdairyproductsandtoidentifytheneedformarketpromotionandrescarchinordertoincreasethevolumeofdairyproductexportsonworldmarkets,especiallyinAsiaandothcrpotentialmarketssuchasMiddleEast,Africa,EuropeandtheAmericas.

【Keywords】Australia,DairyMilk

（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：

Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）

.DAIRYPRODUCTSINDUSTRYINAUSTRALIA

DairymanufacturingisoneofAustralia'sleadingdairyindustries.Intermsofforeignexchangeearnings,theindustryranksfourth（aftermeat,wheatandsugar）comparedtoallAustralia'sfoodexports（ADIC,1996）.TherealgrossvalueofproductionwasestimatedatA$1.7billionin1997,accountingforabout66percentofthecombinedvalueofmarketandmanufacturingmilkatthefarmgate.ThetotalrealvalueofAustralianexportsofdairyproductswasabout$A1.3billionin1996,andrepresentedabout8percentoftotalfarmexports.Likewise,Australia'sdairyexportscontributedabout2percenttototalAustralianexportsin1995-96（Doucouliagos,1997）.However,Australiahaslittleinfluenceonworldpriceasitsshareaccountedforabout13percentofworldtradein1996.

ManufacturingmilkisproducedinallstatesinAustralia,andtherearesignificantregionaldifferencesintheproductionofdairyingduetoclimaticandnaturalresourcesthatarefavorabletodairyingtobeproducedbasedonyearroundpasturegrazing（NSWA,1996-97）.In1997,nationalmilkproductionwasestimatedat9billionlitres,andNewSouthWalesissecondbehindVictoria,accountingfor13percentand62percent,respectivelyofthenation'sannualmilkproduction（ABARE,1997）.Totalmilkproductionincreasedatanaverageofabout4.7percentbetween1988and1997.About7.1billionlitresofmilkwereusedformanufacturingpurposes,accountingforabout79percentofthetotalmilkproduction.Victoriaaccountsfor79percent,Tasmania6percent,andNSW5percentofthetotaldairyproductsproducedinthecountry（ADC,1997）.

Theproductionofdairyproductsrecordedanaverageincreaseof8.8percentbetween1988and1997.However,Australianexportsofdairyproductsasaproportionoftotalproductionincreasedonaverageby0.4percentoverthesameperiod.Thiswasduetoworldsurplusproductionofdairyproductsasaresultofdomesticindustrysupportbysomeoftheworld'slargestproducers（EUandUSA）.Subsidisedexportsofdairyproductsaccountforabout50percentofgloballytradeddairyproducts,andthislowersinternationalmarketpricesofdairyproducts（ADIC,1997）.Australianproductionofdairyproductsaccountedforabout4percentoftotalworldproduction,andabout13percentoftotalworldexportsales.Thus,pricetakercountriessuchasAustraliaareadverselyaffectedbytheexportablesurplusesofdairyproductsdirectedtoworldmarketsbymajorexportingcountries.

TheexpansionofmilkproductioninAustraliahascomefromanincreaseinthenumberofdairycows.Thenumberofdaqcowsincreasedfrom1,714,000headin1988to2,046,000headin1997,anaverageincreaseofabout1.9percent.Themilkyieldpercowalsorecordedanaverageincreaseofabout2percentoverthesameperiod.However,themilkyieldpercowdeclinedbyabout5percentin1997comparedto1996.Thisisattributedtodroughtandotheradverseweatherconditionsexperiencedbymanydairy-producingregions.

Australia'sdairyproductsindustryhasthepotentialtoincreasethevolumeofitsproductionandexportssincethecountryiswellendowedwithnaturalresourcesnecessarytoincreasedairyproduction.Italsohassuitableclimatethatisfavourabletodairyproductionbasedonyearroundpastureproduction.Inaddition,Australia'sdairyfarmsarefamilyownedandoperated,andhiredlabourdoesnotcontributeahigherpercentagetothecostofproduction.Thus,Australiaisconsideredasoneoftheefficient,lowcostmilkproducingcountries（ADC,1997）.ThecountryhasalsolocationaladvantagetohaveaccesstotheAsianmarkets,whicharethemajorimportersofAustraliandairyproducts.Thedomesticproductioncapacityandtheexportsofdairyproductsarepositivelyrelated.Accordingly,thevolumeofexportscouldbeincreasedthroughtheexpansionofmanufacturingmilkproductionbyincreasingthenumberofdairyherdsandmilkyieldpercow,providedAustraliamakesanefforttoundertakemarketingpromotionandresearchtocapturesizeablemarketsharesinthepotentialandemergingmarkets.AstudycarriedoutbyABAREhasprojectedthatmilkproductioninAustraliawillincreasebyabout3percentayeartothe1999-2000fiscalyear.Thishasbeenattributedmainlytotheestimatedincreaseinthenumberofdairyherds,milkyieldpercow,improvedpasture,livestockmanagementtechniquesandincreasedcapitalinvestment（ADIC,1996）.

.MARKETINGARRANGEMENTSFORMANUFACTURINGMILKINAUSTRALIA

Tofacilitatetheproperfunctioningofafreemarketsystem,marketinformationmustbeavailablesothatbuyersandsellersareawareoftheproductionandpricingarrangements（KidaneandGunawardana,Downloadedby[TheUniversityofBritishColumbia]at00:

3510June20131997,p.37）.Thus,producersandconsumerswouldperformtheirfunctionsefficiently,andpricesandqualityofdairyproductswillbecompetitive.Toassistinmeetingthesemarketcriteria,thegovernmenthasestablishedtheAustralianDairyIndustryCouncil（ADIC）,ProductsFederationInc.（ADPF）,AustraliaDairyFarmers'FederationLtd.（ADFF）,MarketMilkFederationofAustraliaInc.（MMFA）,AustralianDairyCorporation（ADC）andDairyResearchDevelopmentCorporation（DRDC）.Theseorganisationsareexpectedamongotherthingstodisseminatemarketinformationandcoordinateproductionandmarketactivities.Forexample,someofthemajorobjectivesoftheADCaretoimprovethedomesticmarketfordairypioducts;toprovidetechnicalandproductadvicetoemergingmarkets;toundertakearangeofexportpromotionactivitiesinoverseasmarkets;andinternationalpromotionfocusedongrowingAsianmarketssuchasJapan,HongKong,China,Vietnam,Singapore,etc.（ADIC,1996）.Thefarmgatepricinganddomesticmilksupportschemesarediscussedbelow.

（i）FarmGatePricing

ThegovernmentdoesnothaveformalcontroloverthepricesprocessorspaytofarmersProducingmilkusedinmanufacturingproducts.Themanufacturingmilkpricesarebasedonbothmilkfatandprotein,andpaymenttofarmersbyprocessorsalsodependsonthequality,volumesandseasonalincentives.Highpricesareofferedtofarmersbyfactoriestoencouragethemtomaintainproductionduringthedryperiod.

Mostmanufacturersofferdifferentpricesastheirprofitsareaffectedbyfactorssuchasproductmix,marketingstrategiesandprocessingefficiencies（NSWA,1996-97）.Consequently,farmgatepricespaidformanufacturingmilkarelowerthanthepricespaidformarketmilk.

（ii）DomesticMilkSupportScheme

PriortoJuly1,1995,themarketingofmanufactureddairyproductswerefundedbyalevyonallAustralianmilkproductionundertheMarketSupportScheme（CreanPlan）.Theschemeraiseddomesticfarmgatepricesformanufacturingmilkaboveinternationalpricesbyabout2centsalitre.However,followingtheUruguayRoundagreementonmanufactureddairyproducts,Australiaintroducedaschemeknownas'DomesticMarketSupportScheme（DMS）'onJuly1,1995.Thene