Motivationaltheories动机理论.docx

Motivationaltheories动机理论.docx

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Motivationaltheories动机理论

Contentsofthispageinclude:

∙Maslow

∙Hertzberg

∙EltonMayo

∙Handy

∙McgregortheoryXandY

∙OuchitheoryZ

∙Leanandmassproduction

Maslow’shierarchyofneeds:

Maslowshowedhowanindividual’semphasisonneedsmovedfrombasictothehigherneeds.Theneedsatthebottommustbesatisfiedtomoveatthehigherones.Needsdonothavetobecompletelysatisfiedbeforehigherneedsemerge,asufficientlevelofsatisfactionisacceptableasopposedtothemaximumoroptimumlevel.

Maslow’stheorymaybesummarizedandsimplifiedbysayingthateveryonewantscertainthingsthroughoutlife,andthesethingscanbeplacedinfiveascendingcategoriesnamely:

Basicorphysiologicalneeds:

thethingsneededtostayalive:

food,shelterandclothing.Suchneedscanbesatisfiedbymoney.

Safetyorsecurityneeds:

peoplewantprotectionagainst,unemployment,retirementaswellasbeingsafeguardedagainstunfairtreatment.Theseneedscanbesatisfiedbytherulesofemploymenti.epensionscheme,sickfund,employmentlegislation.

Socialneeds:

thevastmajorityofpeoplewanttobepartofagroupanditisonlythroughgroupactivitythatthisneedcanbesatisfied.Thusitisuptotheorganizationtomaketheemployeefeelpartofagroup.

EgoorEsteemneeds:

e.g.canincludeemployeebeingaskedtoleadagroupinaproject.Thisenablestheemployeetothinkwellofhimselfandinhisabilities.Thiscanbesatisfiedifthesayorsuggestionoftheemployeeistakenintoaccountand/orheisaskedtoleadorbepartofanimportanttask.

Self-actualizationorself-fulfillmentneeds:

thisisquitetheneedtoachievesomethingworthwhileinlife.Itisaneedthatissatisfiedonlybycontinuingsuccess,forexampleopeningandrunninganewoffice.

EVALUATIONOFMASLOW:

Thesignificanceofmaslow’shierarchyofneedsisthatifunderlinestherelativeimportanceofmoney.Statusgiveslittlesatisfactiontoapersondesperateforfoodandshelter.

Ontheotherhanditdemonstratesthatmoneyaloneisnotenough,andindeedasbasicneedsaresatisfiedpeoplearelikelytoconcentratetheirattentionsonsocialandegoneeds.

Herzberg’stheoryofmotivation:

Herzbergattemptedtofindoutwhatmotivatedpeopleatwork.Hedevelopedthetwo-factortheorythatwasbasedontheideathatmotivationisbasedontwoneeds,namelyhygienefactorsandmotivationalfactors.

Hygienefactors:

arethosethathavetodowithnon-jobrelatedfeaturessuchastheworkingenvironment.

Motivationalfactors:

arethoseconcernedwithaneedforpersonaldevelopment.

MOTIVATION

Hygienefactors:

factorsthatneedtobemettopreventdissatisfaction.Willnotmotivateinthemselves,theyareconcernedwithextrinsicfactorsassociatedwiththejobitselfbutarenotdirectlyapartofit.Theimportantfacttorememberisthatattentiontothesehygienefactorspreventsdissatisfactionbutdoesnotnecessarilyprovidepositivemotivation.

∙Pay

∙Conditions

∙Companypolicy

∙Relationshipswithhigherlevels,suchasmanagement

∙Treatmentatwork

∙Inabilitytodevelop

∙Feelingsofinadequacy

Motivators:

factorswhichmotivate:

themainmotivationfactorarenotintheenvironmentbutintheintrinsicvalueandsatisfactiongainedfromthejobitself.Motivationfactorsinclude:

∙Senseofachievement

∙Chanceofpromotion

∙Chanceofimprovement

∙Recognitionofeffort

∙Responsibility

∙Natureofjobitself

EltonMayo（HawthorneStudies）

Mayo’smostimportantcontributionwastoidentifythebasisofworksatisfactionasnon-economicandtoconnectitmorewiththeinteresttakenintheworker’sperformancethanwiththefinancialreward.

Okayhere’swhathappenedinplainsimplewords:

∙Atestwasconductedon6womenwhichlastedforfiveyears

∙Thetestwasconductedsoastoobservetheeffectonoutputandmoraleofvariouschangesinworkingconditions.

∙Initially,anincentivepaymentschemewasintroduced;thenrestperiodsindifferentforms.Changesweremadeinthehoursofworketc.

∙CONCLUSION:

itwasfoundthatwhateverchangesweremadeincludingareturntotheoriginalconditions,outputstillrose!

∙Theoutputrecordedovertimekeptonincreasing.

Evaluation:

itwasapparentthatthechangesinworkingconditionscouldnotaccountfortheincreaseinoutput–thiswasduetotheenhancedworksatisfactionthatthegirlsenjoyed,thedevelopmentofpersonalfriendships,andanewsocialatmosphere,whichbroughtamarkedchangeintheirattitudetowardswork.

Mcgregor’stheoryXandtheoryY:

TheoryX

TheoryY

∙Workersaremotivatedbymoney

∙Workersarelazyanddislikework

∙Workersareselfish,ignoretheneedsoforganizations,avoidresponsibilityandlackambition

∙Workersneedtobecontrolledanddirectedbymanagement

∙Workershavemanydifferentneedswhichmotivatethem

∙Workerscanenjoywork

∙Ifmotivated,workerscanorganizethemselvesandtakeresponsibility

∙Managementshouldcreateasituationwhereworkerscanshowcreativityandapplytheirjobknowledge

Mcgregor’stheories:

TheoryX:

assumesthatpeopledislikeworkandresponsibility.Thereforetheymustbecoerced,controlled,directedorthreatenedwithpunishmenttogetthemtomakeanefforttowardsachievementoforganizationalobjectives.Howevermodernemploymentlawshavemadethisdifficultformanagers.Forthisreasona‘carrot’approachisused.Peoplehavetobepersuadedtocarryouttasksbypromisesorrewards.InmanywaysthisissimilartoTaylor’sview.

TheoryY:

assumesthatmostpeoplearemotivatedbythosethingsatthetopofMaslow’shierarchy.Inotherwords,peopleareresponsible,committedandenjoyhavingcontroloverwork.Mostpeople,giventheopportunity,willgetinvolvedinworkandcontributetowardsthesolutionofaproblemthatmayarise.

INOTHERWORDS:

THEORYXispessimisticandrigid.Controlisprimarilyexternali.e.imposedonthesubordinatebythesuperior.

THEORYYisoptimistic,dynamicandflexible,withanemphasisoself-directionandtheintegrationofindividualneedswithorganizationaldemands.

OuchitheoryZ

IntheoryZthereisanemphasisontheinterpersonalskillsthatformthebasisofgroupworking,wheredecisionmakingisbyconsensus,butresponsibilityremainswiththeindividual.

Thereisemphasisonbuildingtrustthroughinformalanddemocraticrelationships.

Thecharacteristicsofthetheoryzorganizationsare:

∙Longtermemployment

∙Slowevaluationandpromotion

∙Moderatelyspecializedcareers

∙Consensualdecisionmaking

∙Individualresponsibility-thiscouldmeangivinggreaterresponsibilitylowerdowntheline

∙Concernfortheemployee

LEANPRODUCTION

Leanproductionisdividedintothefollowingsectors:

∙Kaizen

∙Justintimemanufacturing

∙Timebasedmanagement

∙Empowerment

∙Teamworking

KaizenisperhapsthemostconceptinJapanesemanagement.Itmeanscontinuousimprovement.Inwesternbusinessesproductivityremainsthesameforlongperiodsoftime,thensuddenlyrises.Theincreaseisfollowedbyanotherperiodofstability,beforeanotherrise.Increasesinproductivitymayresultfromnewworkingpracticesornewtechnology.ThedottedlinebelowshowstheJapaneseapproach.Improvementsarecontinuous.Theyresultfromchangesinproductiontechniques.

thekaizenissaidtobeanumbrellaconcept.Awiderangeofdifferentproductiontechniquesandworkingpracticesmustbecarriedoutforittobeeffective.Theseinclude:

∙Zerodefectpolicies

∙Totalqualitymanagement

∙Qualitycontrolcircles

∙Automation

∙Justintime

Itisdifficultforworkersinthebusinesstolookforcontinuousimprovementallthetime.InordertosolvethisproblemasystemwasintroducednamelyPDCA（plan,do,check,action）

Plan:

businessmustidentifywhereimprovementisneeded.Datamustbegatheredandusedtodevelopaplanwhichwillresultinimprovement.

Do:

oncetheplanhasbeenfinalizeditmustbecarriedout.

Check:

thenextstageinthecycleistocheckwhetherornottherehasbeenanimprovement.

Action:

iftheplanhasbeensuccessful,itmustbeintroducedinallpartsofthebusiness.

Justintimemanufacturing:

JIT:

justintimemanufacturingisanimportantpartofleanproduction.Itisdefinedasforexampleinanymanufacturingandsellingorganization:

‘rawmaterialsbeingdeliveredJITtobemadeintoparts,partsweredeliveredJITtobemadeintogoodsandgoodswereproducedanddeliveredJITtobesold.’

Advantages:

∙Itimprovescashflowasmoneyisnottiedupinstock

∙Thesystemreduceswaste

∙Sincenostockisheldtheexcessfactoryspacecanbeusedforsomethingelse

∙Linkswithandthecontrolofsuppliersisimproved

Disadvantages:

∙Alotoffaithisplacedinthereliabilityandflexibilityofsuppliers

∙Increasedordercosts

∙Advantagesofbulkdiscountsislost

∙Difficulttocopeupwithsharpincreasesindemand

Time-basedmanagement:

Timebasedmgtinvolvesreducingtheamountoftimebusinessestakecarryingoutcertaintasks,suchaslaunchingnewproductsorcuttingleadtimesinproduction.Timebasedmgtisafeatureofleanproductionbecauseitinvolveseliminatingatypeofwastei.e.time.

Advantages:

∙Customerswillbenefit.Awiderrangeofproductswillbeavailableandtherewillbefasterdeliverytimes.

∙Increasedefficiencywillbenefitthecompanybyimprovingit’simageintheeyesofthepeople

∙Thetimespentonrangeofproductiontasksisreduced.Thishelpstoimproveproductivityandreduceunitcosts.

Empowerment:

Empowermentinvolvesgivingemployeesthepowertomakedecisionsinabusiness.Theaimofempowermentistogiveemployeesmorecontrolover