英语议论文的写作方法.docx
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英语议论文的写作方法
英语议论文的写作方法
1议论文的写作步骤
1审题analyze
2.构思brainstorming
3.列提纲outline
4写作write
5.检查check
2议论文的三要素:
论点：
是作者在文章中提出的对某一个问题或某一类事件的看法、观点、主张，它要求要正确、鲜明、有针对性。
一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点．论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证．
论据：
是证明论点正确的证据，要想证明论点的正确，首先，论据必须让人觉得真实、可信，能够充分证明论点。
其次，论据要具有典型性，能收到“以一当十”的效果。
第三，论据要新颖，尽可能寻找一些新鲜的、能给人以新的感受和启示的论据，一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据．（见后论证方式）
论证：
是议论文中必不可少的部分。
一段完整的议论，只有通过论证证明论据和论点之间的内在逻辑关系，才能将论据和论点融为一体，也才能构成一篇完整的、有说服力的文章。
3应对EFL议论文的结构
↗四段式：
利弊类（“一分为二”的观点．从两方面去分析一个问题,阐述自己的观点.）
议论文
↘五段式/三段：
途径方法类（“怎样……（howto）”型．分析怎样解决一个问题如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”）
我的观点类（“我认为……”型．阐述对某一事物的客观看法.如“你对课外阅读的看法）
现象论说类（针对某一社会现象及社会热点讨论话题展开评论，阐述自己的观点）
所有的EFL作文都可以总结成两种写作模式:
4段式和5段式
4段式:
用“owningacar”为例
Para.1Introduction（3-4句话/结尾点题）
Eg.Withthedevelopmentofthesociety/world,it’sahotissue/topicofowningacar…inmypointofview,everythinglikesacoinhastwosides.
Para.2Advantages（中心句:
Therearealotofadvantagesofowningacar.）分三点叙述,分别给出supportingideas.中间需要用到漂亮的连接词.
Para.3Disadvantages（中心句:
Buttheproblemisnotsosimple.Therefore,owningacaralsohaveseveraldisadvantages.）仍然分三点叙述,分别给出supportingideas.中间需要用漂亮的连接词.
Para.4Conclusion（在结尾部分,你可以给出你自己的看法,eg.Asismentionedabove,Ipreferto…）
5/3段式:
用“LearningEnglish”为例
Para.1Introduction（3-4）
Eg.Withthedevelopmentofsociety,EnglishplaysanimportantroleofInternationalcommunication.Itwillhelpus…..
Para.2Reason中心句+展开Eg.Englishisanofficiallanguage.
Para.3Reason中心句+展开Eg.EnglishisagreattoolforustodoInternationalbusiness.
Para.4Reason中心句+展开Eg.Englishisgoodforustolearnforeignculturesandmakefriends.
Para.5Conclusion（结尾部分可以回答剩余的问题,总结全文,给出建议…）
4怎么列提纲（提纲与文章的区别）
以四段式为例：
看电视的利与弊AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingTV
OUTLINE:
Beginning:
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV
Advantages:
Firstly,expandyourknowledgebywatchingTV
Secondly,mayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowviaTV
Thirdly,goeverywherebytravelingprograms.
Disadvantages:
Firstly,becomeshort-sighted
Secondly,giveuptheirstudies
Conclusion:
WhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplan
ESSAY:
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV.SoTVplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.ButwatchingTVhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.
Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingTV.Asweallknow,learningthingsbyTVismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.Forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.Secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowthroughTVsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.Onceyouheardanamewhomyoudidn’tknowbeforefromtheparty,youneverworriedaboutthatyouhavenochancetoknowhim.JustturnontheTV,maybeheisonthescreenofsomeprogramWhatsmore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.Let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.AndnowopenyourTVandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere.
Everycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Forexample,watchingtoomuchTVcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.Thiswillinfluencesomanyaspectsofthem,likehuntingjobs,applyingforsomeprofessionalmajorswhenstudentsfinishedtheircollegeentranceexaminations.Tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingTVsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.Moreandmorechildrenandstudentsbecomethefansofthemoviestars,nomatterhowlateitis,theystillstaybeforetheTVsettowatchthesoapopera.
Throughaboveanalysis,IthinkwatchingTVisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchTV.ButwhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingTVwilldestroyourlife.
5正文段
包括主题句扩展句结尾句
论证方式：
归纳法：
是指从特殊到一般，就是先罗列一系列论据，可以是事实论据，也可以是理论论据，也可以兼而有之，然后自然而然地概括出其中的道理或规律。
演绎法：
是从一般到特殊。
是作者现提出自己的论点，然后援引一系列的事实或理论论据加以论证。
例证法：
用事例来证明论点
类比法：
用读者熟悉的事物来类比陌生的事物，以证明这一陌生事物具有某种特点，从而论证作者的观点。
比较对照法：
比较对照两个人、事物之间的相同及不同之处，从而证明作者的论点。
6.关联词
表层次:
（一二三原则）
First—second—third
Firstly-secondly-thirdly
Thefirst-thesecond-thethird
Inthefirstplace—inthesecondplace—inthethirdplace
Tobeginwith/then/furthermore/finally
Tostartwith/next/inaddition/finally
Firstandforemost/besides/lastbutnotleast
Mostimportantofall/moreover/finally
Firstofall/furthermore/finally
Ontheonehand/ontheotherhand
Foronething/foranotherthing（两者）
表观点:
Personally;
Inmyopinion;
AsfarasIamconcerned;
AsfarasIknow;
WhatIwanttostressisthat…（我想强调的是…）;
…holdtheopinionthat…某人持有…的主张;
Accordingtosb,…依照某人的观点看,…;
表转折:
However,but
表让步:
Although,Though,Despitethefactthat
表因果:
Because,As,Since,Therefore,thus,so
表递进:
notonly…,butalso…,aswellas
表概括:
Inaword;Inshort;Tosumup;inconclusion;allinall;altogether;inbrief;basically;fundamentally;generally
7检查十个方面：
根据评分标准
9：
中心，内容
4：
结构
6：
时态，语态，拼写
1：
标点，字数，清洁，标题
写作练习题：
1四段式：
谈谈校服（schooluniforms）.
Referenceoutline:
一Begnning:
…thereisaheateddiscussionthatifthestudentsshouldwearschooluniforms.
二Advantages（for）:
1.Studentslookneatandtidy.
2.Thepublicknowswhichschoolyouarefrom.
3.Parentsallpaythesamemoney.
4.Studentsdon’tworryaboutfashions.
5.Teacherscanidentifystudentsonschooltrips.
6.Gooddisciplineforstudents.
三Disadvantages（against）:
1.Uniformsareexpensive.
2.Childrengrowfast,neednewuniforms.
3.Someuniformsareveryuncomfortable.
4.Studentsalllookthesame,can’tbeindividuals.
5.Getboredwithsameclotheseveryday.
四Conclusion:
Throughaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthepositiveaspectsoutweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iaminfavorof…..
2五段式：
（2）谈谈出国留学（whysomanystudentsstudyatabroad?
）
Referenceoutline:
一Begnning:
…..moreandmorepeoplewanttostudyatabroad.
二Firstly,theythinkbyattendingacollegeinaforeigncountrytheycanlearnnotonlyusefulknowledge,butalsothecultureandcustomsofothernations.
三Secondly,theycantakeadvantageofthisopportunitytogainagoodcommandoftheforeignlanguagetheyarelearningveryquickly.
四Moreover,theycanmeetdifferentpeopleandexperiencedifferentcultures,whichmayhelptobroadentheirviews.
五conclusion:
…….Throughaboveanalysis,Iaminfavorofgoingabroadtostudy.
怎么列提纲（提纲与文章的区别）
以四段式为例：
看电视的利与弊AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingTV
OUTLINE:
Beginning:
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV
Advantages:
Firstly,expandyourknowledgebywatchingTV
Secondly,mayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowviaTV
Thirdly,goeverywherebytravelingprograms.
Disadvantages:
Firstly,becomeshort-sighted
Secondly,giveuptheirstudies
Conclusion:
WhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplan
ESSAY:
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV.SoTVplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.ButwatchingTVhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.
Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingTV.Asweallknow,learningthingsbyTVismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.Forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.Secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowthroughTVsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.Onceyouheardanamewhomyoudidn’tknowbeforefromtheparty,youneverworriedaboutthatyouhavenochancetoknowhim.JustturnontheTV,maybeheisonthescreenofsomeprogramWhat’smore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.Let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.AndnowopenyourTVandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere.
Everycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Forexample,watchingtoomuchTVcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.Thiswillinfluencesomanyaspectsofthem,likehuntingjobs,applyingforsomeprofessionalmajorswhenstudentsfinishedtheircollegeentranceexaminations.Tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingTVsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.Moreandmorechildrenandstudentsbecomethefansofthemoviestars,nomatterhowlateitis,theystillstaybeforetheTVsettowatchthesoapopera.
Throughaboveanalysis,IthinkwatchingTVisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchTV.ButwhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingTVwilldestroyourlife.
EFL五段论式写法
第一段：
提出观点
第二段：
理由段1
第三段：
理由段2
第四段：
理由段3
第五段：
结尾段
Somepeoplesaythatexplorationofouterspacehasmanyadvantages;otherpeoplefeelthatitisawasteofmoneyandotherresources.Whichviewdoyouagreewith?
Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.
Sample:
Withthedevelopmentofouterspaceexploration,manypeoplebegintodoubtwhethertheendeavorisworthwhile.Itistruethatsomemoneyandotherresourcesmustbespentinthisarea,butinmyopinion,humanbeingsshouldcontinuetheadventurebecauseitcanaddtoourknowledge,acquirenewresources,andevenfindplaceswherehumanbeingscanlive.
Tobeginwith,theexplorationofouterspacewilladdtoourknowledgeabouttheuniverseaswellasabouttheearth.Althoughhumanbeingshavebeenlivingontheearthforthousandsofyears,weknowverylittleaboutit.Forexample,wearenotevensureabouthowtheearthcameintobeing,whythedinosaursdisappearedaltogetherfromthefaceoftheearth,andwhetherthereislifeonotherplanets.Theattempttoexploreouterspacewillcertainlyhelpusanswerallthesequestionsandbringusagreatmanybenefits.
Inaddition,theexplorationofouterspacemayhelpmitigatetheenerg
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