urban rail systems.docx

urban rail systems.docx

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urbanrailsystems

UrbanRailSystems:

Aplanningframeworktoincreasetheirsuccess

Researchpaper:

Infrastructureanddevelopment

DrElaBabalikSutcliffe

DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanning

MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity（ODTU）

06531AnkaraTURKEY

E-mail:

ebaba@arch.metu.edu.tr

Abstract

Thispaperpresentsaresearchthatwasaimedatdevelopingabetterunderstandingofthefactorsthatinfluencethesuccessofurbanrailsystems.Theprincipleaimwastodevelopamethodologyformeasuringandidentifyingthefactorsbehindtheirsuccess,andtodevelopaplanningframework,whichcanhelpenhancethesuccessofnewmetrosandlightrailsystems.Theframeworkcanhelpplannerstodevelopsuccessfulsystems,aswellasincreasethesuccessofexistingones.

TheplanningframeworkwasdevelopedbasedontheanalysisofeighturbanrailsystemsfromWesternCountries（USA,Canada,andBritain）.Theanalysisofthesesystemshasbeencarriedoutintwostages.First,backgroundfactorswereobserved:

theurban,economic,politicalandinstitutionalfactorsinwhichthesesystemsweredevelopedwereanalysed.Inaddition,theplanningbackgroundandfactorsregardingtheoperationofthesystemswereobserved.Second,thesuccessofthesystemswasanalysed.Intheanalysis,possiblelinksbetweensuccessandbackgroundfactorswereestablished.Theselinkshavebeenusedasthebasisfordevelopingtheplanningframework,whichhadtwomainfunctions:

topredicthowsuccessfulanewurbanrailsystemwillbe;andtomakerecommendationsonhowitssuccesscanbeenhanced.Becausetheplanningframeworkwasbasedontheanalysisofeightcasestudies,itwasimportanttovalidateitagainstotherurbanrailsystems.TheframeworkwasvalidatedagainstninesystemsfromUSA,Canada,andFrance.

Inadditiontothesummaryoftheaboveresearch,thispapercomparesthefindingsoftheresearchwiththreecasesinTurkey.ThecomparisonrevealsimportantresultsabouttheurbanrailplanningprocessinTurkeyincomparisontotheUSA,CanadaandBritain.Itisalsoseenthatplanningandpolicy-makingprocessesindevelopingcountriesaredifferentfromthoseindevelopedcountries,andthattheremaybedifferentfactorsbehindthesuccessofurbanrailsystemsintheformer.Inthelightofthesediscussions,thepaperconcludeswithremarksonhowthisstudycanbedevelopedfurthertoanalysetheurbanrailexperiencesofdevelopingcountries.

1.Introduction

Sincethe1970s,therehasbeenasignificantincreaseinurbanrailinvestment.Some139newurbanrailsystems,metrosandlightrailsystems,havebeenbuiltworldwideinthepastthreedecades.Theseinvestmentswereingeneralplannedasinstrumentstosolvetransportandland-useproblemsassociatedwithextensiveuseofthecar;however,veryfewhavebeensuccessfulinimprovingtransportandtheurbanenvironment.Theseexperiencesledtoabroadareaofdebateintheliterature.Animportantpartofthedebatefocusedonthepatronage,thatis,thenumberofpassengerscarriedandthecostofnewrailsystems:

researchersdemonstratedthattheforecastlevelswerenotattainedinanumberofcases（Johnstonetal.1998,Pickrell1990,1992,Mackett1998）.Inadditiontotheoverestimationofpatronage,ithasbeendiscussedthatotherbenefitsexpectedfromurbanrailinvestments,suchasanincreaseinpublictransportusageandareductionintrafficcongestionandairpollutionwerealsobeingoverestimated（Gomez-Ibanez1985,Hass-KlauandCrampton1998,MackettandEdwards1998,Richmond1998）.Newmetrosandlightrailsystemsdidnothavestrongimpactonland-useandurbangrowtheither:

ithasbeendiscussedthatthesesystemshadpositiveland-useeffectsonlywhentheyweresupportedwithotherimprovementpackages,suchasapedestrianisationschemeincitycentres（Simpson1988,1989,WalmsleyandPerrett1992,Black1993,Hass-KlauandCrampton1998,Hass-Klauetal.2000）.

Inspiteofthesefindings,politicalsupportforurbanrailsystemsisstillstrong.Recentpolicydocumentsinmostwesterncountrieshaveadvisedplannerstoadoptrail-basedsolutionstourbanproblems,statingthattheywerethemosteffectivepublictransportalternativeinattractingcarusers,reducingtrafficcongestionandairpollution;anddirectingurbangrowth.Asaresult,investmentinurbanrailsystemsisverylikelytocontinue,andconsideringthecostincurredinthedevelopmentofthesesystems,tomakethemsuccessfulremainsachallenge.

Thispaperpresentsaresearch（Babalik2000）thathasbeencarriedoutonnew-generationurbanrailsystemsinNorthAmericaandBritain,withtheobjectiveofidentifyingthefactorsbehindsuccessandfailure.Thestudyexploreswaysofmakingnewurbanrailsystemsmoresuccessful.Itdevelopsamethodologyforanalysingthesuccessofsystems,identifyingthefactorsbehindtheirsuccess,andenhancingtheirsuccess.Basedontheanalysisofnewgenerationurbanrailsystems,aplanningframeworkisdeveloped.Theframeworkisapolicy-basedapproachtohelpplannersandoperatorsincreasethesuccessoftheirsystems.Ithastwomainfunctions:

itpredictsthesuccessofnewsystems,andmakesrecommendationsonhowtheirsuccesscanbeenhanced.

Becausetheframeworkisdevelopedthroughtheanalysisofurbanrailsystemsindevelopedcountries,itmaybearguedthatitisbestsuitedtobeappliedtosystemsinsuchcountries.However,fromthebeginningoftheresearch,ithasbeenanobjectivetoapplythefindingsonnewurbanrailsystemsinTurkeywiththeanticipationthatbothsuccessfulandunsuccessfulexperiencesinthedevelopedworldcancontributetotheurbanrailsystemplanningandoperationinTurkishcities.TheanalysisofTurkishrailsystemsincomparisontothoseinthedevelopedworldrevealedthatplanningandpolicy-makingprocessesindevelopingcountriesmaybedifferentfromthoseindevelopedcountries,andthattheremaybedifferentfactorsbehindthesuccessofurbanrailsystemsintheformer.Therefore,uponcompletionofthisresearch,ithasbeenplannedtoextendthestudyandadaptittourbanrailsystemsinThirdWorldcities.Thisissueisdiscussedintheconclusionofthispaper.

Inthefollowingsections,firstlytheobjectivesoftheresearchandthemethodsusedarepresented.Thisisfollowedbyasectiondescribingthestructureoftheresearchandthetasksinvolvedineachstage.Then,theresultsofthecasestudyanalysisarepresented,andbasedontheseresults,thedevelopmentoftheplanningframeworkisdescribed.Followingthis,thevalidityoftheframeworkisassessed.Finally,theapplicationoftheframeworkonThirdWorldcitiesisdiscussed,togetherwithpossibleimplicationsforfutureresearch.

2.Objectivesoftheresearch

Themainaimofthisresearchwastoidentifythefactorsaffectingthesuccessofurbanrailsystems,andbasedonthesefactors,todevelopaplanningframework,whichcanadviseplannersonhowtoinfluencethesefactorsandhelpmaketheirsystemsmoresuccessful.

Thestartingpointofthisresearchwastheincreasingamountofurbanrailinvestmentworldwideinspiteoftheevidencethatfewofthenew-generationurbanrailsystemshavebeensuccessful.Theaimwastodevelopaframeworkwhichcanbeapplicabletoallcitiesworldwide（withthepossibleexceptionofverylargecities,suchasLondon,NewYork,MexicoCity,etc.）;however,becauseofpracticalconcerns,suchastheavailabilityofinformationandpreviousresearchonsystemsandthewillingnessoftheplannersandoperatorstoco-operate,theresearchhasfocusedonNorthAmericanandBritishexamples.Consequently,theresearchdescribedhereproducesaplanningframeworkthatismostapplicabletourbanrailsystemsindevelopedcountries.Ontheotherhand,thereisawideraimtothisresearch,whichistobroadenthecontentoftheworkbyincludingmoreinternationalcomparisons.Inparticular,itisplannedtoadaptthisresearchtodevelopingcountries.

Asaresult,thestudysummarisedhereshouldbeseenasthefirststageofawiderresearchthattheauthorplanstoundertake.AnimportantobjectiveistoincorporatetheurbanrailplanningexperienceintheThirdWorldcitiestothisresearchandrefinetheplanningframework,thedevelopmentofwhichisdescribedinthispaper,sothatitcanalsobeapplicabletourbanrailsystemsinTheThirdWorld.

3.Methodology

3.1.Definingsuccess

Inthisstudy,successisdefinedintermsofthefulfilmentofexpectations.Newurbanrailsystemsareexpectedtoattaincertainobjectives,whichusuallyjustifytheirbeingdeveloped.Previousresearchonnewurbanrailsystems（Fouracreetal,1990;WalmsleyandPerrett,1992;ECMT,1994;Simpson,1994;MackettandEdwards,1996）revealedacomprehensivesetofobjectivesthatmostsystemsweredevelopedtofulfil.Inadditiontopreviousresearch,interviewsmadewithplannersforthisresearchrevealedsomeobjectivestobeparticularlyimportant.Combiningthemwiththedatafrompreviousresearch,fivemainobjectiveswereidentified.Thesearetoattainahighpatronage,oratleastmatchtheforecastpatronageonthesystem;tobecost-effectiveintermsofbuildingandoperatingthesystem;toincreasepublictransportusage;topreventorsolvetheproblemsoftrafficcongestionandenvironmentalpollution;andtoimprovetheland-useandurbangrowthpatterns.Thelastobjectiveofteninvolvessub-objectives,suchastostimulatedevelopmentatcitycentres,tostimulatedevelopmentineconomicallydecliningareasandtoimprovethepatternofurbangrowthbyreducingcar-orientedsprawl.

Thesuccessofsystemsismeasuredbytheirperformanceinattainingtheseobjective