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剑10版真经5增加题
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新题:
目录(书本第3页)
GHAPTER4Matching信息匹配题/213
ReadingPassage46MentalGymnastics/279
核心词汇/283雅思阅读真题同义词考点/284
(书本278页)
下篇导读:
【大脑体操】
考试时间:
2005-06-25,2011-03-19······
(书本279页)
ReadingPassage46
Mental
Gymnastics
AtheworkingdayhasjuststartedattheheadofficeofBarclaysBankinLondon.
Seventeenstaffarehelpingthemselvestoabuffetbreakfastasyoungpsychologist
SebastianBaileyenterstheroomtobeginthemorning’strainingsession.Butthisisno
ordinarytrainingsession.He’snotheretosharpentheiffinanceormanagementskills.
He’sheretoexercisetheirbrains
BToday’sworkout,organisedbyacompanycalledtheMindGyminLondon,entitled
“havingpresence”.Whatfollowsisanintense90-minutesessioninwhichthisrather
abstractconceptisgraduallybrokendownintoaconcretesetoffeelings,mentaltricks
andbehaviours.Atonepointthebankersareinstructedtoshuttheireyesandvisualise
Themselvesfillingtheroomandthenthebuilding.Theyfinishupbywalkingaroundthe
Roomactingoutvariouslevelsofpresence,fromlow-keytooverthetop
CIt’seasytopokefun.Yetsimilarmentalworkoutsarehappeningincorporateseminar
Roomsaroundtheglobe.TheMindGymaloneofferssome70differentsessions,
Includingonesonmentalstamina.Creativityforlogicalthinkersand“zoomlearning
Otheroutfitsdrawmoredirectlyontheexerciseanalogy,offering“neurotics”courses
withnameslike“brainsets”and“cerebralfitness”.Thentherearebookswithtitleslike
Pumpinglons,fullofbrainteasersthatclaimto“flexyourmind”,andsoftwarepackages
Offefingmemoryandspatial-awarenessgames.
DButwhateverthestyle,thecompanies’salespitchisinvariablythesame--followour
routinestoshapeandsculptyourbrainormind,justasyoumighttoneandtrainyour
body.And,ofcourse,theynearlyallclaimthattheirmentalworkoutsdrawonserious
scientificresearchandthinkingintohowthebrainworks.
EOneoutfit,BrainergyofCambridge,Massachusetts(motto:
“Becauseyourgreymatter
(书本280页)
matters”)putsitlikethis:
“Studieshaveshownthatmentalexercisecancausechangesin
brainanatomyandbrainchemistrywhichpromoteincreasedmentalefficiencyandclarity.
Theneuroscienceiscutting-edge.”Andonitswebsite,MindGymtradesonaquotefrom
SusanGreenfield,oneofBritain’sbestknownneuroscientists:
“It’sabitlikegoingtothe
gym,ifyouexerciseyourbrainitwillgrow.”
FIndeed,theMindGymofiginallyplannedtoholditssessionsinalocalhealthclub,until
itsfoundersrealisedwheretherealmoneywastobemade.Moderncompaniesneed
flexible,brightthinkersandwillseizeonanythingthatclaimstocreatethem,especially
Ifitlookslikeaquickfixbackedbyscience.Butareneuroticworkoutsreallybackedby
science?
Anddoweneedthem?
GNoristhereanythingremotelyhigh-techaboutwhatLawrenceKatz,co-authorofkeep
YourBrainAlive,recommends.Katz,aneurobiologistatDukeUniversityMedicalSchool
inNorthCarolina,arguesthatjustasmanyofusfailtogetenoughphysicalexercise,so
wealsolacksufficientmentalstimulatintokeepourbrainintrim.Surewearebusywith
jobs,familyandhousework.Butmostofthisactivityisrepetitiveroutine.Andanyleisure
timeisspentslumpedinfrontoftheTV.
HSo,readabookupsidedown.Wreteorbrushyourteethwithyourwronghand.Feelyour
wayaroundtheroomwithyoureyesshut.Sniffvanellaessencewhilelisteningintently
toorchestralmusic.Anything,saysKatz,tobreakyournormalmentalroutine.Itwill
helpinvigorateyourbrain,encouragingitscellstomakenewconnectionsandpumpout
Neurotrophins,substancesthatfeedandsustainbraincircuits.
IWell,uptoapointitwill.“WhatI’mreallytalkingaboutisbrainmaintenanceratherthan
bulkingupyourIQ,”Katzadds.Neurotics,inotherwords,isaboutlettingyourbrain
fulfillitspotential.Itcannotcreatesupef-brains.Canitachieveeventhatmuch,though?
Certainlythebrainisanorganthatcanadapttothedemandsplacedonit.Testsonanimal
braintissue,forexample,haverepeatedlyshownthatelectricallystimulatingthesynapses
tatconnectnervecellsthoughttobecrucialtolearningandreasoning,makesthem
strongerandmoreresponsive.Brainscanssuggestweusealotmoreofourgreymatter
whencarryingoutneworstrangetasksthanwhenwe’redoingwell-rejearsedones.Rats
raisedinbrightcageswithtoyssproutmoreneuralconnectionsthanratsraisedinbare
cages--suggestingperhapsthatnoveltyandvarietycouldbecrucialtoadeveloping
brain.Katzandneurologistshaveprovedtimeandagainthatpeoplewholosebrain
cellssuddenlyduringastrokeoftensproutnewconnectionstocompensatefortheloss
especiallyiftheyundergoextensivetherapytoovercomeanyparalysis.
JGuyClaxton,aneducationalpsychologistattheUniversityofBristol,dismissesmostof
(书本281页)
theneurologicalapproachesas“neuron-babble”.Nevertheless,therearespecificmental
skillswecanloam,hecontends.Desirableattributessuchascreativity,mentalflexibilety,
andevenmotivation,arenotthefixedfacultiesthatmostofusthink.Theyarethought
habitsthatcanbelearned.Theproblem,saysClaxton,isthatmostofusnevergetproper
trainingintheseskills.Wedevelopourownpfivatesetofmentalstrategiesfortackling
tasksandneverlearnanythingexplicitly.Worsestill,becauseanylearnedskill--even
Drivingacarofbrushingourteeth--quicklysinksoutofconsciousness,wecannolonger
Seetheverythoughthabitswe’rerelyingupon.Ourmentaltoolsbecomeinvisbletous.
KClaxtonistheacademicadvisertotheMindGym.Sonotsurprisingly,thecompany
epouseshissolution--thatwemustreturnourthoughtpatternstoaconsciouslevel,
becomingawareofthedetailsofhowweusuallythink.Onlythencanwestartto
practisebetterthoughtpatterns,untileventuallythesebecomeournewhabits.Switching
metaphors,picturenotgymclasses,buttennisorrootballcoaching.
LInpractice,thetrainingcanseemquitemundane.Fofexample,inoneoftheeight
differentcreativityworkoutsofferedbytheMindGym--entitled“creativityforlogical
thinkers”--oneofthementalstrategiestaughtistomakeasensiblesuggestion,then
immediatelyposeitsopposite.So,askedtospendfiveminrtesinventinganewpizza,a
groupsooncomesupwithnotopping,sweettopping,coldtopping,pricebasedontime
ofday,flat-ratepricesandsoon.
MBaileyagreesthatthetrickissimple.Butitissurprisinghowfewsuchtrickspeople
havetocalluponwhentheyaresuddenlyaskedtobecreative:
“Theytendtojustlabel
themselvesasuncreative,notrealisingthattherearetechniqudsthateverycreative
personemploys.”Baileysaystheaimistointroducepeopletohalfadozenorsosuch
strategiesinasessionsothatwhatatfirstseemslikeadauntinglyabstractmentaltask
becomesasetofconcrete,leasablebehaviours.Headmitsthisisnotashortcuttogenius.
Neurologically,somepeopledostartwithquickercircuitsorgreaterhandlingcapacity.
However,withtherightkindoftfaininghethinkswecandramaticallyincreasehow
efficientlyweuseit.
NItishardtoprovethatthetrainingitselfiseffective.Howdoyoumeasureachangein
anemployee’screativitylevels,ormemoryskills?
Butstaffcertainlyreportfeelingthat
suchclasseshaveopenedtheireyes..So,neurologicalboostingofpsychologicaltraining?
Atthemomentyoucanpayyourmoneyandtakeyourchoice.Claxtonforonebelieves
thereisnoreasonwhyschoolsanduniversitiesshouldn’tspendmoretimeteaching
basicthinkingskills,ratherthantryingtostuffheadswithfactsandhopingthateffective
thoughthabitsaresomehowabsorbedbyosmosis.
(书本282页)
Question1-8
Usetheinformationinthepassagetomatchthepeople(listedA-D)withpoinionsofdeeds
Below.
Writetheappropriateletters,A-D,inboxes1-8onyouranswersheet.
NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce
AGuyClaxton
BSebastianBailey
CSusanGreenfield
DLawrenceKatz
1Wedonothaveenoughinspirationtokeepourbrainsfit.
2Themoreyouexerciseyourbrainlikeexerciseinthegym,themoreyourbrainwillgrow.
3Exercisecankeepyourbrainhealthyinsteadofimprovingsomeone’sIQ.
4Itisvaluableforschoolstoteachstudentsaboutcreativeskillsbesidesbasicknownknowledge.
5Wecandevelopnewneuronconnectinonsthenweloseoldconnectionsviacertaintreatment.
6Peopleusuallymarkthenselvesasnotcreativebeforefiguringoutthereareapproaches
Foreachperson.
7AninstructorinMindGymwhoguidedtheemployeestoexercise.
8Majorityofpeopledon’thaveappropriateskills-trainingforbrain.
大脑体操答案:
核心词汇:
2013-2014雅思考试阅读目录