新编简明英语语言学教程.docx

新编简明英语语言学教程.docx

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新编简明英语语言学教程

新编简明英语语言学教程

ChapteroneIntroduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.

3.语言language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

communication.

语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征DesignFeatures

Itreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishit

fromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定

性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

Culturaltransmission文化传递

⑴arbitrariness

Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationandit

makesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions

⑵Productivity

Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.

⑶Duality

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwo

levels.

⑷Displacement

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediate

situationsofthespeaker.

⑸Culturaltransmission

Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobe

taughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthat

languageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwith

thecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.

5.语言能力Competence

Competenceistheidealuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

6.语言运用performance

Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguistic

communication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics

Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyof

languageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentof

languageoveraperiodoftime.

8.共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics

Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.

9.语言langue

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeech

community.

10.言语parole

Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

11.规定性Prescriptive

Itaimstolaydownrulesfor‖correct‖behavior,totellpeoplewhatthey

shouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.

12.描述性Descriptive

Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactually

use.

二、知识点

1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it‘sasocialactivitycarriedout

inacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.

语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种

社会活动。

2.几种观点和现象的提出者：

⑴瑞士语言学家F.deSaussureF.deSaussure:

Langue和parole的区别

⑵U.S.AlinguistN.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky

in1950针对Saussure’slangueparole提出Competence和performance

⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家

Sapir---languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodof

communicationideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarily

producedsymbols.

Hall----languageistheinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateand

interactwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditory

arbitrarysymbols.

Chomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetofsentences,

eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.

⑷U.S.ALinguistCharlesHockett美国语言学家CharlesHockett

提出了语言的识别特征designfeatures

3.theword‘language‘precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthat

linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.

Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。

4.inordertodiscoverthenatureoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,what

thelinguistshastodofirstiftostudylanguagefacts.

5.languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacts,soit's

hardlypossibleforthelinguisticstodealwithitallatonce.判断题

6.Fristdrewtheattentionofthelinguistswerethesoundsusedin

languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。

三、问答题

1.whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?

whatdoeseachstudy?

Phonetics----it‘sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,

it‘sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld‘slanguages.

Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctive

soundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.

Morphology---It‘sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternal

structureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructure

ofalanguage.

Semantics---It‘ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.

Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.

Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.

Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworking

ofthemind.

Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheories

tolanguageteachingandlearning.

2.whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?

Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnection

betweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesounds

refer.

Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobject

isagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage,it‘sonlyourtacit

agreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnate

relationshipboundupintheutterance.

Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‗arbitrariness‘oflanguageis‗aroseby

anyothernamewouldsmellassweet‘.

3.whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic

andmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确

实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。

traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon‘high‘writtenlanguage.

传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。

4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?

why

Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-day

language.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,

itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointof

view.

现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。

除非对语言的各种

状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。

5.whichenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwritings?

Speechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:

⑴Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.

⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthanin

writing.

⑶speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.

6.howisSaussure‘sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilarto

Chomsky‘s?

BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstract

languagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingle

outthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy

TwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewof

language,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,

competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

6.thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?

⑴langueisabstract,relativelystable⑵paroleisconcrete,variesfrom

persontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.

1/Whatislinguistics?

什么是语言学？

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.It

studiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.

2/Thescopeoflinguistics

语言学的研究范畴

Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.（普通

语言学）

Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,is

calledphonetics.（语音学）

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationis

calledphonology.（音系学）

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords

arecalledmorphology.（形态学）

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences

iscalledsyntax（句法学）

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（语义学）

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（语用学）

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.

（社会语言学）

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalled

psycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）

Thestudyofapplications（astherecoveryofspeechability）isgenerally

knownasappliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）Butinanarrowsense,

appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesand

theoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingof

foreignandsecondlanguage.

Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人类语言

学）neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学）mathematicallinguistics,

（数字语言学）andcomputationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）

3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

语言学研究中的几对基本概念

Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写

Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactually

use,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeople

whattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobe

prescriptive.

Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammar

isprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskof

linguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,

whetheritis―correct‖ornot.

Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;

thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronic

study.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.

Speechandwriting口头语与书面语

Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modern

linguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthe

writtenform.Reasonsare:

1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestill

manylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,

thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthe

written,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.

Langueandparole语言和言语

TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangue

andparoleearly20thcentury.

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembers

ofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguein

actualuse.Sa