新编简明英语语言学教程.docx

1、新编简明英语语言学教程新编简明英语语言学教程Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for h

2、umancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish itfrom any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递arbitrariness

3、There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and itmakes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressionsProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.DualityLanguage is a

4、system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or twolevels.DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker.Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to betaught and learned the details of any langua

5、ge system. this showed thatlanguage is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born withthe capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual real

6、ization of this knowledge in linguisticcommunication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。7.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study oflanguage is a historical study, which studies the historical development oflanguage over a period of time.8.共时语言学Synchronical linguis

7、ticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.语言langueThe abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speechcommunity.10.言语paroleThe realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for correct behavior, to tell people what theyshould say and what shoul

8、d not say.12.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse.二、知识点1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, its a social activity carried outin a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2.几种观点和现象的提出者：瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.

9、de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomskyin1950针对Saussures langueparole提出Competence和performance曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir-language is a purely human and non-instinctive method ofcommunication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarilyproduced symbols.Hall-language is th

10、e institution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditoryarbitrary symbols.Chomsky-from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国

11、语言学家Charles Hockett提出了语言的识别特征design features3.the word language preceded by the zero-article ,it implies thatlinguistics studies not any particular language.Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,whatthe linguists has to do first if to s

12、tudy language facts.5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so itshardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used inlanguages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题1.what are major branches of linguistic

13、s? what does each study?Phonetics-its defined as the study of the phonic medium of language,its concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.Phonology-the study of sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctivesounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morp

14、hology-Its a branch of a grammar which studies the internalstructure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-its a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structureof a language.Semantics-Its simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics-the study of mean

15、ing in context of words.Sociolinguisticsthe study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics-the study of language with reference to the workingof the mind.Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic principles and theoriesto language teaching and learning.2.why do we say language

16、 is arbitrary?Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connectionbetween the sounds that people use and the objects to which these soundsrefer.The fact that different languages have different words for the same objectis a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it

17、s only our tacitagreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innaterelationship bound up in the utterance.A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of language is a rose byany other name would smell as sweet.3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Modern

18、 linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authenticand mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on high written language.传统语法是规定性的，研究高级书面语。4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? whyModern ling

19、uistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-daylanguage. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied,it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point ofview.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。5.which enjoys priority in modern

20、 linguistics, speech or writings?Speech enjoys for the following reasons:Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than inwriting.speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.6.how is Saussures distinction between lang

21、ue and parole similar toChomskys ?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstractlanguage system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to singleout the language system for serious studyTwo linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view oflanguage, Chom

22、sky looks at language from a psychological point of view,competence is a property of the mind of each individual.6.the distinction between langue and parole?langue is abstract, relatively stable parole is concrete, varies fromperson to person, from situation to situation.1/ What is linguistics?什么是语言

23、学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Itstudies not any particular language, but languages in general.2/ The scope of linguistics语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic co

24、mmunication, iscalled phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication iscalled phonology. （音系学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form wordsare called morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentencesis called

25、syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics.（社会语言学）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is calledpsycho-lingu

26、istics. （心理语言学）The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generallyknown as applied linguistics. （应用语言学） But in a narrow sense,applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles andtheories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching offoreign

27、 and second language.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人类语言学） neurological linguistics, （神经语言学） mathematical linguistics,（数字语言学）and computational linguistics. （计算机语言学）3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写If a linguisti

28、c study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell peoplewhat they should say and what they should not say, it is said to beprescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammaris prescrip

29、tive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task oflinguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use,whether it is correct or not.Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it change

30、s through time is a diachronicstudy. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modernlinguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not thewritten form. Reasons are: 1. Speech prec

31、edes writing; 2. There are stillmany languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function,the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than thewritten, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.Langue and parole 语言和言语The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langueand parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the membersof a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue inactual use. Sa