外墙外保温系统中英文.docx

外墙外保温系统中英文.docx

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外墙外保温系统中英文

ExteriorInsulationFinishingSystem

ExteriorInsulationandFinishingSystem（EIFS）isatypeofbuildingexteriorwallcladdingsystemthatprovidesexteriorwallswithaninsulatedfinishedsurfaceandwaterproofinginanintegratedcompositematerialsystem.

Contents

∙1Terminology

∙2HowEIFSisinstalled

∙3CompositionandtypesofEIFS

∙4HistoryofEIFS

∙5Legalissues

∙6MarketingofEIFSandTheEIFSIndustry

∙7EIFSArchitecturalDetails

∙8References

Terminology

Althoughoftencalled"syntheticstucco",EIFSisnotstucco.Traditionalstucco,otherwiseknownasPortlandCementPlaster,isacenturies-oldnon-insulatingmaterial.Stuccoconsistsofsand,PortlandCement,andwater,andisahard,dense,thick,non-insulatingmaterial.EIFSisalightweightsyntheticwallcladdingthatincludesfoamplasticinsulationandthinsyntheticcoatings.Therearealsospecialtystuccosthatusesyntheticmaterialsbutnoinsulation,andthesearealsonotEIFSeither.Acommonexampleiswhatiscalledone-coatstucco,whichisathick,syntheticstuccoappliedinasinglelayer（traditionalstuccoisappliedin3layers）.ThereisalsoanEIFS-likeproductcalledaDirect-AppliedFinishSystem（orDAFS）,whichisessentiallyanEIFSbutwithouttheinsulation,andhasquitedifferentcharacteristics.

EIFSareproprietarysystemsofaparticularEIFSproducerandconsistofspecificcomponents.EIFSarenotgenericproductsmadefromcommonseparatematerials.Tofunctionproperly,EIFSneedstobearchitecturallydesignedandinstalledasasystem.

ThereareanumberofversionsofEIFS.ThemostbasicandcommonEIFSiscalledabarrierEIFS（alsoknownasatraditionalorconventionalEIFS）.AnothertypeiscalledanEIFSwithDrainage,whichisabarrierEIFStowhichawaterdrainagecapabilityhasbeenadded.

AbasicEIFSincludesonlytheinsulationandEIFSmaterials（coatings,adhesives,etc.）.OthertypesofEIFSmayalsoincludeplasticedgetrim,water-resistivebarriers,adrainagecavity,andotheraccessories.Thetechnicaldefinitionof"anEIFS"doesnotincludewallframing,sheathing,flashings,caulking,waterbarriers,windows,doors,andotherwallcomponents.However,asofrecently,architectshavebegunspecifyingflashings,sealants,andwiringfasteners（suchasViperstrap）asbeingapartoftheEIFSscopeofwork,essentiallyrequiringEIFScontractorstocarryoutthatworkaswell.ThetechnicalnationalconsensusstandardforthedefinitionofanEIFS,aspublishedbyASTMInternationalorganization,doesnotincludeflashingorsealantsaspartoftheEIFS.ManyoftheEIFSmanufacturershavetheirownstandarddetailsshowingtypicalbuildingconditionsforwindowanddoorflashings,controljoints,inside/outsidecorners,penetrations,andjointsatdissimilarmaterialswhichshouldbefollowedforthatmanufacturerswarranty.MostEIFSproductsareintendedforusebyqualifiedprofessionalcontractorsandnotthetypicalhomeconsumer.

HowEIFSisinstalled

EIFSistypicallyattachedtotheoutsidefaceofexteriorwallswithanadhesive（cementitiousoracrylicbased）ormechanicalfasteners.AdhesivesarecommonlyusedtoattachEIFStogypsumboard,cementboard,orconcretesubstrates.EIFSisattachedwithmechanicalfasteners（speciallydesignedforthisapplication）wheninstalledoversheet-goodweatherbarrierssuchasarecommonlyusedoverwoodsheathings.Thesupportingwallsurfaceshouldbecontinuous（not"openframing"）andflat.

CompositionandtypesofEIFS

EIFSconsistsofanumberoflayersthatareinstalledinthefollowingorder.ThemostbasicEIFS（abarrierEIFS）consistsof3layers:

∙Alayeroffoamplasticinsulation（alsocalledsimply"foam"）thatcomesintheformofsheets.Ifanadhesiveisusedtoattachtheinsulation,theadhesiveisappliedtothefoamwithatrowel.MostEIFSuseatypeofinsulationcalledExpandedPolystyrene,alsoknownasEPS.EPSis1 lb.densityExpandedPolystyrene,similartothewhitefoamthatcoffeecupsaremadeof.TheusualrangeofthicknessforEIFSinsulationis3/4,althoughthickerpiecesaresometimesusedfordecorationaccents-calledfoamshapes.

∙Areinforcedlayerthatisappliedontothefaceoftheinsulationwithatrowel,consistingofafiberglassreinforcingmesh（or"mesh"）embeddedinacementitousadhesive.Themeshhasanopenweave,somewhatlikewindowscreeningbutwithopeningabout1/4"square.Itismadeoffiberglassandcanbecutwithautilityknife.Themeshisavailableinvariousweights,the"heaviness"determinestheimpactstrengthofthesurface（resistancetodamagebybeing"hit"）.Thestandardweightis4oz,thehigh-impactmeshweightgoesupto15or20oz.This2-partlayeriscalledtheBaseCoat.

∙Afinaltopcoat,orfinish,whichisacolored,texturedpaint-likematerialthatisappliedwithatrowelor,veryrarely,byspraying.Awiderangeofcolorsandtexturesareavailableaswellascustomcolors.Availabletexturesincludesmoothsurfaces,rough"stucco-like"textures,embeddedstonechips,multi-color（granite-likemixtures,）andevenbrick-liketreatments.Thislayeriscalledthefinish.Itisacquiredbyfloating.

IfanEIFSwithDrainage,orwater-managedEIFSisinstalled,awaterresistivebarrier（akaaWRB）isfirstinstalledoverthesubstrate（generallyDensGlasGold,exterior-gradegypsumsheathing,OSBorplywood）.Themoisturebarrierisappliedtotheentirewallsurfacewithameshtapeoverjointsandaliquid-appliedmembraneoraprotectivewraplikeTyvekorfeltpaper.Thenadrainagecavityiscreated（usuallybyaddingsomesortofspacebetweenthefoamandtheWRB）.Thentheother3layers,describedabove,areadded.ThistypeofEIFSisrequiredbymanybuildingcodesareasonwoodframeconstruction,andisintendedtoprovideapathforincidentalwaterthatmaygetbehindtheEIFSwithasaferoutebacktotheoutside.Thepurposeistoprecludewaterfromdamagingthesupportingwall.

AdhesivesandFinishesarewater-based,andthusmustbeinstalledattemperatureswellabovefreezing.TwotypesofAdhesivesareusedwithEIFS:

thosethatcontainPortlandCement（"cementitious"）,ordonothaveanyPortlandCement（"cementless"）.AdhesivesthatcontainPortlandCementhardenbythechemicalreactionofthecementwithwater.AdhesivesandFinishesthatarecementlesshardenbytheevaporationofwater-likehousepaint.Adhesivescomeintwoforms.Themostcommonisinaplasticpailasapaste,towhichPortlandCementisadded.Adhesivesarealsoavailableasdrypowdersinsacks,towhichwaterisadded.Finishescomeinaplasticpail,readytouse,likepaint.EIFSinsulationcomesinindividualpieces,usually2'x4',inlargebags.Thepiecesaretrimmedtofitthewallattheconstructionsite.

HistoryofEIFS

EIFSwasdevelopedinEuropeafterWorldWarIIandwasinitiallyusedtoretrofitsolidmasonrywalls.EIFSstartedtobeusedinNorthAmericainthe1960s,andbecameverypopularinthemid-1970'sduetotheoilembargoandtheresultantsurgeininterestinhighenergyefficiencywallsystems（suchasEIFSprovides）.TheuseofEIFSoverstud-and-sheathingframing（insteadofoversolidwalls）isaNorthAmericantechnique.EIFSisnowusedalloverNorthAmerica,andalsoinmanyotherareasaroundtheworld,especiallyinEuropeandthePacificRim.

InNorthAmerica,EIFSwasinitiallyusedalmostexclusivelyoncommercialbuildings.Asthemarketgrew,pricesdroppedtothepointwhereitsusebecamewidespreadonnormalsinglefamilyhomes.

Inthelate1980sproblemsstarteddevelopingduetowaterleakageinEIFS-cladhomes.Thiscreatedanationalcontroversyandnumerouslawsuits.Whilenotinherentlymorepronetowaterpenetrationthanotherexteriorfinishes,criticsarguethatbarrier-typeEIFSsystems（non-water-managedsystems）donotallowwaterthatmaypenetratethebuildingenvelopetoescape.[

TheEIFSindustryhasconsistentlymaintainedthattheEIFSitselfwasnotleaking,butratherpoorcraftsmanshipandbadarchitecturaldetailingattheperimeteroftheEIFSwaswhatwascausingtheproblems.ThebuildingcodesreactedbymandatingEIFSwithDrainageonwoodframebuildingandadditionalon-siteinspection.MosthomeownerinsurancepoliciescoverEIFSandEIFS-likesystems.

InsurancecompanieslikeFMGlobalmaynotprovidefireinsurancecoveragetoclientswhoinstallEIFSexteriorbuildingsystems,duetothelackofadequatefire-resistanceinherentinthematerials.Also,somefacilityownershavefoundthatEIFSsystemsthatareinstalledatlowerbuildinglevelsaresubjecttovandalismasthematerialissoftandcanbechippedorcarvedresultinginsignificantdamage.

Legalissues

EIFSsystemshavebeenthesubjectofseverallawsuits,mostlyrelatedtotheinstallationprocessandfailureofthesystemcausingmoisturebuildupsandsubsequentmoldgrowth.ThemostnotablecaseconcernedtheformerSanMartin,Californiacourthouse.Thiscasewassettledfor12milliondollars.

ThebasicunderlyingproblembehindEIFSlitigationwasthatEIFSwasmarketedasacost-effectivereplacementforstucco.Stuccoisexpensivetoinstallbecauseitcracksovertime.Stuccomustbecarefullyappliedbyskilledcraftsmensothatthecrackswhichwillinevitablydeveloparesubtleandnotobvious.GeneralcontractorsswitchedtoEIFSbecauseitwassupposedtobeeasytoinstallwithunskilledorsemi-skilledlaborandwouldnotcrackliketraditionalstucco.AlthoughEIFSifproperlyinstalledaccordingtothemanufacturer'sdirectionsshouldnothavewaterintrusionproblems,manyGCscutcornersbyusingunqualifiedlabor.Inturn,thousandsofEIFSinstallationswerenoncompliantandsufferedseverewater