大学英语六级真题及答案.docx

大学英语六级真题及答案.docx

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大学英语六级真题及答案

2011年12月大学英语六级真题及答案

2011年12月大学英语六级真题及答案

PartI  Writing  （30minutes）

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledTheWaytoSuccessbycommentingonAbrahamLincoln'sfamousremark,"Givemesixhourstochopdownatree,andIwillspend,thefirstfoursharpeningtheaxe."Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.

TheWaytoSuccess

注意：

此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

PartII          ReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）            （15minutes）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Google'sPlanforWorld'sBiggestOnlineLibrary:

PhilanthropyOrActofPiracy?

Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardtomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope-includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.

WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?

Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?

Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"organisetheworld'sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.

Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."Thisreallyisn'taboutmakingmoney.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:

"Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."

DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropic（慈善的）exercise."Google'scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheet（电子数据表）outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'sfounders."

Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion.ButGoogle'sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.

First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.

ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredin（陷入）alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJarndyceandJarndycecaseinCharlesDickens'BleakHouselookstraightforward.

Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:

thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor'slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'sheirstobenefit.（InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.）Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andthelastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.

OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"publicdomain"（workssuchastheBodleian'sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch）.

But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.

"Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliteraryagencyinLondon."Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtoask."

In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuit（集团诉讼）againstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarecomplicated-thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosummariseitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBlofeld,oneofthesettlement'smostvocalBritishcritics.

Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletocompensateauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached（includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks）.Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.

ThissettlementhandsGooglethepower-butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicence.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'smostcontroversialaspect.

Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."Google'sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'sprovisions,Googlecouldbecomeasignificantforceinbookselling.

Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"orphan"works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder–thesemakeupanestimated5-10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned.Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividualbuyersundertheconsumerlicence.

Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbeenacted（执行）–itisthesubjectofafairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,GooglewillineffectbeoffthehookasfarascopyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis-andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.

NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld'slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGleick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,pointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn'tevenknowitself.Butwhatiscertainisthat,insomewayorother,Google'sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhaveasignificantimpactonthebookworldintheyearstocome.

注意：

此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

1.Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld'sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____.

A） toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublic

B） toencouragereadingaroundtheworld

C） tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibraries

D） topromoteitscorebusinessofsearching

2.AccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google'sbook-scanningprojectwill_____.

A） broadenhumanity'sintellectualhorizons

B） helpthebroadmassesofreaders

C） revolutionisetheentirebookindustry

D） makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengine

3.OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbecontrolledby_____.

A） non-profitorganisations                              C）multinationalcompanies

B） theworld'sleadinglibraries                         D）theworld'stechgiants

4.Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored_____.

A） thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooks

B） thecopyrightofthebooksitscanned

C） theinterestoftraditionalbooksellers

D） thedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooks

5.Googledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat_____.

A） itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontent

B） itiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholders

C） makingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyright

D） theonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuse

6.WhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?

A） ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.

B） Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation.

C） ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestsofAmericanpublishers.

D） Itcouldleadtomoreout-of-court