TPO 19 听力解析.docx

TPO 19 听力解析.docx

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TPO19听力解析

TPO19解析

Conversation1（场景分类——询问论文）

Narrow:

Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandtheprofessor.

Student

Hi,professorHanderson.

（1）Thatwasareallyinterestinglectureinclasstoday.

Professor

Thanks,Tom.Yeah,animals’useofdeception,waystheyplaytricksonotheranimals,that’safascinatingarea.Onewearereallyjuststartingtounderstand.

Student

Yeah,youknow,selectiveadaptationsovertimeareonething.Oh,likenon-poisonousbutterfliesthathavecometolooklikepoisonousones.

（2）Buttheideathatanimalsofthesamespeciesintentionallydeceiveeachother,Ihaveneverheardthatbefore.

Professor

Right,like,therearemalefrogswholowertheirvoicesandendupsoundingbiggerthantheyreallyare.

Student

Sotheydothattokeepotherfrogsfrominvadingtheirterritory?

Professor

Right,biggerfrogshavedeepervoices,soifasmallerfrogcanimitatethatdeepvoice.Well...

Student

Yeah,Icanseehowthatmightdothetrick.（3）But,anyway,whatIwantedtoaskwas,whenyoustartedtalkingaboutgametheory.Well,Iknowalittlebitaboutit,butIamnotclearaboutitsuseinbiology.

Professor

Yeah,itisfairlynewtobiology.Basically,itusesmathtopredictwhatanindividualwoulddoundercertaincircumstances.Butforexample,abusinesssells,ohcomputer,say,andtheywanttoselltheircomputerstoabiguniversity.Butthereisanothercompanybiddingtoo.So,whatshouldtheydo?

Student

Well,trytoofferthelowestpricesotheycancompete,butstillmakemoney.

Professor

Right,theyarecompeting,likeagame,likethefrogs.Thereareriskswithpricingtoohigh,thecompanymightgetthesale,thereisalsothenumberandtypeofcomputerstoconsider.Eachcompanyhastofindabalancebetweenthecostandbenefits.Well,gametheorycreatesmathematicalmodelsthatanalyzedifferentconditionslikethistopredictoutcomes.

Student

Ok,Igetthat.Buthowdoesitapplytoanimals?

Professor

（4）Well,youknow,ifyouareinterestedinthistopic,itwouldbeperfectforyourtermpaper.

Student

Theliteraturereview?

Professor

Yeah,findthreejournalarticlesaboutthisoranothertopicthatinterestsyouanddiscussthem.Ifthereisaconflictintheconclusionsorsomething,thatwouldbeimportanttodiscuss.

Student

（5）Well,fromwhatIhavelookedatdealingwithgametheory,Ican’tsayIunderstandmuchofthestatisticsend.

Professor

Well,Icanpointyoutosomethatpresentsfairlybasicstudies,thatdon’tassumemuchbackgroundknowledge.You’lljustneedtoanswerafewspecificquestions:

Whatwastheresearchers’hypothesis?

Whatdidtheywanttofindout?

Andhowdidtheyconducttheirresearch?

Andthentheconclusionstheycameto.Learningtointerpretthesestatisticswillcomelater.

词汇：

deceptionn.欺骗

selectiveadj.选择性的

deceivev.欺骗

invadev.侵略

territoryn.领土

imitatev.模仿

bidv.投标；出价

hypothesisn.假设

题目：

1.Whydoesthemangotoseetheprofessor?

解析：

主旨题，文中学生开头说教授今天课上的演讲很有趣，接着讨论了课上的内容。

答案：

Toaskaboutapointraisedinarecentlecture

2.Whydoestheprofessormentionmalefrogsthatlowertheirvoices?

解析：

细节题，定位malefrogsthatlowertheirvoices.文中学生说从没听过同种生物之间的欺骗，教授紧接着举青蛙的例来说明动物的欺诈行为。

答案：

Togiveanexampleofdeceptivebehaviorinanimals

3.Whydoestheprofessortalkaboutcomputers?

解析：

细节题，定位computers.学生先提出“博弈论（gametheory）”这个概念，说自己不是很了解它在生物学中的作用，教授就给出电脑的例子帮助他了解博弈论。

答案：

Tohelpthemanunderstandgametheory

4.Whatdoesthemanneedtodoforhistermpaper?

解析：

细节题，定位termpaper.教授让学生找3篇相关的文章，如果它们的结论有冲突，就进行讨论，所以学生需要总结一些已出版研究的信息。

答案：

Summarizetheinformationinseveralpublishedstudies

5.Themanexpressesreservationsaboutthesuggestedtopicforhistermpaper.Whatistheprofessor'sattitudetowardtheman'sreservations?

解析：

意图推测题。

学生表示自己可能不能完全理解自己研究的东西，教授说他只需展示一些基础研究，并不需要很多背景知识，所以他的担忧不必要。

答案：

Shethinkstheman'sworriesareunnecessary

Lecture1Linguistics（学科分类——语言学）

Narrator:

Listentopartofalectureinalinguisticsclass.

Professor

Allright,sofarwe’vebeenlookingatsomeofthecoreareasoflinguistics,likesyntax,phonology,semantics,andthesearethingsthatwecanstudybylookingatonelanguageatatime,howsounds,andwords,andsentencesworkinagivenlanguage.Butthebranchofhistoricallinguistics,involvesthecomparisonofseveraldifferentlanguages,orthecomparisonofdifferentstagesofasinglelanguage.Now,ifyouarecomparingdifferentlanguages,andyounoticethattheyhavealotincommon.（7）Maybetheyhavesimilarsoundsandwordsthatcorrespondtooneanotherthathavethesamemeaningandthatsoundsimilar.Let’suseareal-worldexample.Inthe18thcentury,scholarswhohavestudiedtheancientlanguages,Sanskrit,LatinandGreek,noticedthatthesethreelanguageshadmanysimilarities.Andtheremightbeseveralreasonswhylanguagessuchasthesehadsomuchincommon.Maybeithappenedbychance,maybeonelanguagewasheavilyinfluencedbyborrowedwordsfromtheother.Ormaybe,maybethelanguagesdevelopedfromthesamesourcelanguagelongago.Thatis,maybetheyaregeneticallyrelated.ThatwaswhathappenedwithSanskrit,LatinandGreek.Theselanguageshadsomanysimilaritiesthatitwasconcludedthattheymusthaveallcomefromthesamesource.（8）Andtalkaboutimportantdiscoveriesinlinguistics,thiswascertainlyoneofthem.ThescholarsreferredtothatsourcelanguageasProto-Indo-European.

Proto-Indo-Europeanisareconstructedlanguage.Meaning,itiswhatlinguistsconcludedaparentlanguageofSanskrit,LatinandGreekwouldhavetobelike.AndProto-Indo-Europeanbranchedoutintootherlanguages,whichevolvedintoothers.Sointheend,manylanguagesspokenallovertheworldtodaycantracetheirancestrybacktoonelanguage,Proto-Indo-European,whichwasspokenseveralthousandyearsago.（9）Now,onewayofrepresentingtheevolutionoflanguages,showingthewaylanguagesarerelatedtoeachother,iswiththefamilytreemodel.Likeafamilytreethatyoumightusetotracebackthroughgenerationsofancestors,onlyit’sshowingafamilyofgeneticallyrelatedlanguagesinsteadofpeople.Atreemodelforalanguagefamilystartswithonelanguage,whichwecallamotherlanguage.Forexample,Proto-Indo-European.Themotherlanguage,isthelineonthetopofthisdiagram.Overtime,itbranchesoffintonewdaughterlanguages,whichbranchintodaughterlanguagesoftheirown,andlanguagesthathavethesamesource,thesamemother,arecalledsisters.Theysharealotofcharacteristics,andthiswentonuntilwearelookingatabigupsidedowntreelanguageslikethis.Itisincompleteofcourse,justtogiveyouanidea.Sothat’sthefamilytreemodel,basically.

Now,thetreemodelisaconvenientwayofrepresentingthedevelopmentofalanguagefamilyandofshowinghowcloselyrelatedtwoofmorelanguagesare.Butitisobviouslyverysimplified.（10）Havingawholelanguagerepresentedbyjustonebranchonatreedoesn’treallydojusticetoallthevariationswithinthatlanguage.Youknow,SpanishthatspokeninSpainisn’texactlythesameasSpanishthatisspokeninMexico,forexample.（11）Anotherissueisthatlanguagesevolveverygradually,butthetreemodelmakesitlookliketheyevolveovernight,liketherewasadistinctmomentintimewhenamotherlanguageclearlybrokeoffintodaughterlanguages.Butitseemstomeitprobablywasn’tquitelikethat.

词汇：

linguisticsn.语言学

linguistn.语言学家

syntaxn.语法

phonologyn.语音体系；音韵学

semanticsn.语义学

comparisonn.比较；对照

real-worldadj.现实生活的

Sanskritn.梵文

Proto-Indo-Europeann.原始印欧语系

reconstructv.改造；重建

ancestryn.祖先

geneticallyadv.从基因方面

dojusticeto公平对待；适当处理

题目：

6.Whatdoestheprofessormainlydiscuss？

解析：

主旨题，本文是讲一种对有相同语源的不同语言的表述——语言学家称之为Proto-Indo-European.

答案：

Awaytorepresentlanguagesthataregeneticallyrelated.

7.Whatpointdoestheprofessormakewhenshesaysthatsomelanguageshavesimilar-soundingwords?

解析：

细节题，定位havesimilar-soundingwords.文中教授用了一系列假设（maybe）来推测语言有相似之处的原因，说明对此不止一种解释。

答案：

Thereismorethanonepossibleexplanationforsimilaritiesamonglanguages.

8.Whatdoestheprofessorsaywasanimportantdiscoveryinlinguistics?

解析：

细节题，定位importantdiscoveryinlinguistics,注意meaning后面的内容。

文中说语言学家推断Sanskrit,Greek和Latin三种语言有共同的源语。

答案：

Sanskrit,Greek,andLatinhadthesameparentlanguage.

9.Basedonthediscussion,whatinformationcanbeshownonatreemodel?

解析：

推测题，定位treemodel.文中是用家谱与语言树形模型对比，家谱可以供不同后代用来追溯相同的祖先，语言树形模型也有这个功能。

答案：

Thatseverallanguagesshareacommonancestor

10.Whydoestheprofessormentionvariationwithinalanguage?

解析：

意图推测题，定位variationwithinalanguage.文中说语言树形模型并不能反应一种语言所有的变异，像是西班牙语在墨西哥跟西班牙是不同的，所以提到这个是为了指明树形模型不能反应的信息。

答案：

Topointoutinformationthatthetreemodeldoesnotshow.

11.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheprofessorwhenshesaysthis：

解析：

复听意图推测题。

教授用but否定前面一句话的观点，即

答案：

Shedoesnotthinkthatlanguageschangequickly

TPO19Lecture2Astronomy（学科分类——天文学）

Narrator:

Listentopartofalectureinanastronomyclass.

Professor

SohowmanyofyouhaveseentheMilkyWay,theMilkyGalaxyinthesky?

You,youhave?

Student

Yeah,Iwascamping,andtherewasnomoonthatnight,itwassuperdark.

Professor

Anybodyelse?

Nottoomany.（12）Isn’tthatstrangethattheMilkyWayisthegalaxythattheplanetearthisin,andmostofushaveneverseenit?

Now,what’stheproblemhere?

Student

（13）Lightpollution,right?

Fromstreetlightsandstuff.

Professor

Yes,especiallyunshieldedstreetlight,youknow,onesthataren’tpointeddownward.Now,here’sanirony.Thebuildingweareinnow,theastronomybuildingnotfarfromourobservatory,hasunshieldedlights.

Student

Sotheproblemisprettywidespread.

Professor

Itisbasicallybeyon