定语从句完整版.docx

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定语从句完整版

定语从句

定语从句及相关术语

1.定语从句:

定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

2.关系词:

引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词有

that,

whi

ch,who,

whom,

whose,

as

等;关系副词有

where,

when,

why

等。

关系词常有

3个作用:

1,引导定语

从句。

2,代替先行词。

3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。

注:

关系代词有主语.宾语之分。

一般whom作为宾语。

4.定语:

定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用,⋯⋯的?

表示。

主要由形容词担任。

此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。

语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。

先行词:

被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。

(一)限定性定语从句

一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)

1.that既可代表事物也可代表人,

which

代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,

that

在从句中作宾

语时常可省略关系词,

which

在从句中作宾语也可以省略。

[eg

thisisthebook

(which

)youwant。

]

而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关

系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置

2.which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与

which

之间的介词不能丢

3.代表物时多用

which

,但在带有下列词的句子中用

that

而不用

which

,这些词包括当先行词是

anyt

hing,

everything,

nothing

none

等不定代词时,或者是由

every,

any,

all,

some,

no,little,

few,

muc

h等修饰时等,这时的

that

常被省略

还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时

或先行词就是序数词

或最高级时

.以及先行词中既有人又有物时

.还有句中前面有

which

时,都只能用

that

4.who和

whom

引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,

whom

作宾语时,要注意它可

以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5.whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

 

.它引导的从句可以修饰人和

物,当它引导的从句修饰物体时,可以与ofwhich调换,表达的意思一样。

二、关系副词(在句中作状语)

 

关系副词=介词+关系代词why=forwhich

where=in/at/on/...which(介词同先行词搭配)

when=during/on/in/...which(介词同先行词搭配)

1.where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句。

2.when引导定语从句表示时间

[注]值得一提的是,表示时间

“time"一词的定语从句只用

when引导,

有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导。

BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedtherefortwoweeks.Istillremembe

rthefirsttimeImether.Eachtimehegoestobusinesstrip,hebringsalotoflivingnecessiti

es,suchastowels,soap,toothbrushetc。

3.当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,ever

ything或nothing时,常用thereis来引导

Thereissomebodyherewhowantstospeaktoyou.这里有人要和你说话。

(二)非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,

将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:

CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经

是我的老师。

Myhouse,

which

Ibought

lastyear,

hasgotalovely

garden.

我去年买的的那幢房子带着个

漂亮的花园。

Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthree

3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词

times,

isverytouching.这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单

数,例如:

Heseems

nottohave

grasped

what

Imeant,

which

greatly

upsets

me.

他似乎没抓住我的意

思,这使我心烦。

Liquid

water

changes

tovapor,

which

iscalled

evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

4.有时as也可用作关系代词

5.在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who,whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物.;

(三)关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人在从句中做主语

(1)

The

boys

who

are

playing

football

are

fromClass

One.在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.

(2)

Yesterday

Ihelped

anoldmanwholost

his

way.

昨天,我帮助了一个迷路的老人.

2.

whom

指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。

(注:

who和whom已无太大区别,可以通用。

(1)

Mr.

Liuis

the

person(whom)

you

talked

with

onthebus.刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天

的那个人.

(2)

Mr.

Ling

is

just

the

boy

whom

I

want

to

see.

凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩

.

(3)

The

man

who/whom

you

met

just

now

is

my

friend.

你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友

.

注意:

关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。

如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如:

Heisthemanwhom/whoItalkto.他就是那个和

我聊天的男人

.

如果是在从句中作主语就只能用

who.

比如:

Heistheman

whohasanEnglish

book.

他就是那

个有英语书的男人.

3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略

(1)

Football

is

agame

whichislikedbymostboys.

足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏

.

(2)

This

is

the

pen(which)

he

bought

yesterday.

这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.

4.

that

指人时,相当于

who

或者whom;指物时,相当于

which。

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。

(5)

The

number

ofthe

people

that/who

come

to

visit

thecityeachyearrises

onemillion.

(6)

Where

istheman

that/whom

Isaw

this

morning?

5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语

(1)

He

has

afriend

whose

father

is

a

doctor.

(2)

Ionce

lived

in

a

house

whose

roof

has

fallen

in.whose

指物时,常用以下结构来代替

(3)

The

classroom

whose

door

is

broken

will

soon

berepaired.

(4)

The

classroom

the

door

of

which

is

broken

will

soonbe

repaired.

(5)

Do

you

like

the

book

whose

color

is

yellow?

(6)

Do

you

like

the

book

the

color

of

which

is

yellow?

(四)注意

介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时

从句常由介词+关系代词引导

(1)

The

school

(that/which)

he

once

studied

in

is

very

famous.

(2)

The

school

in

which

he

once

studied

is

very

famous.

(3)

Tomorrow

I

will

bring

here

a

magazine

(that/which)

you

asked

for.

(4)

Tomorrow

I

will

bring

here

a

magazine

for

which

you

asked.

(5)

We?

ll

go

to

hear

the

famous

singer

(whom/that/who)

we

have

oftentalked

about.

(6)

We?

ll

go

to

hear

the

famous

singer

about

whom

we

have

often

talked.

注意:

1.

含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:

look

for,

look

after,

take

careof

(1)

This

is

the

watch

which/that

I

am

looking

for.

(T=正确)

(2)

This

is

the

watch

for

which

I

am

looking.

(F=错误)

2.

若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用

whom

,不可用

who或者that;指物时用

which,不能

用that;关系代词是所有格时用

whose

(1)

The

man

with

whom

youtalked

is

myfriend.

(T)

(2)

The

manwiththatyoutalked

ismy

friend.

(F)

(3)

The

plane

in

which

we

flew

to

Canada

is

verycomfortable.

(T)

(4)

The

plane

in

that

we

flew

in

to

Canada

is

very

comfortable.

(F)

3.

“介词+关系代词”前可有some,

any,

none,

both,

all,

neither,

most,

each,

few

等代词或者数词

(1)

He

loved

his

parents

deeply,

both

ofwhom

are

very

kind

to

him.

(2)

In

thebasket

there

are

quite

many

apples,

some

of

which

have

gone

bad.

(3)

There

are

forty

students

in

our

class

in

all,most

of

whom

are

from

big

cities.

关系代词

关系代词(一般情况下)that可用who,whom和which在从句做主语,谓动词的宾语,但是不能做

介词的宾语

which指物,在从句中作主语,谓语或宾语;

who在从句中作主语;

whom在从句中宾语;

where在从句中修饰表地点的名词,做地点状语;

when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词,做时间状语;

why

在从句中做原因状语,先行词通常是

"reason"

有时why也可用for+which

代替。

例:

Adoctor

isaperson

wholooks

after

people's

health.

________

___________

____________

先行词主语谓语宾语

|________________________|

定语从句修饰先行词

(五)关系副词引导的定语从句

1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语

(1)

Istill

remember

the

day

when

Ifirst

cametotheschool.

(2)

The

timewhen

we

got

together

finally

came.

2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语

(1)

Shanghai

isthe

city

whereI

was

born.

(2)

Thehouse

where

I

livedten

years

agohasbeenpulleddown.

3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语

(1)

Please

tell

methereason

whyyou

missed

the

plane.

(2)

Idon?

t

know

the

reason

why

he

looks

unhappy

today.

注意:

关系副词引导的从句可以由

“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1)

The

reason

why/

for

which

he

refused

the

invitationis

not

clear,

(2)

From

the

year

when/in

which

he

was

going

to

school

he

beganto

knowwhathewante

dwhen

he

grewup.

(3)

Great

changes

have

taken

place

in

thecity

in

which./where

Iwas

born.

(六)判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一:

用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。

不及物动词后面无宾语,就必须

要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词;而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词。

例如:

Thisis

the

mountain

village

where

Istayed

last

year.

I'llneverforget

the

dayswhenIworked

together

withyou.

判断改错(注:

先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。

(错)

This

is

the

mountain

village

where

Ivisited

last

year.

(错)

Iwill

never

forgetthedays

when

I

spent

in

the

countryside.

(对)

This

is

the

mountain

village

(which)

Ivisited

last

year.

(对)

I'llnever

forgetthe

days(which)

I

spent

in

the

countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词

where,

when联系在一起。

此两题错在关系词的误用上。

 

方法二:

准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分

(主、谓、宾、定、状

),也能正确选择出关系代词

/关系

副词。

1.

Is

this

museum

___you

visited

afew

days

ago?

A.

where

B.

that

C.

on

which

D.

the

one

例2.Is

thisthemuseum

____

the

exhibition

was

held?

A.

where

B.

that

C.

on

which

D.

the

one答案:

例1D,例2A

1Thismuseumis___youvisited

themuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.

在句1中,is后应跟表语,只有theone可以,而后面的

afewyou

daysvisited

ago.

 

afew

2Thisis

 

daysago则做one的

定语从句。

而句

2中,

主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词

where,又因

inthemuse

um

词组,可用介词

in+which

引导地点状语。

而此题中,介词

on

用的不对,所以选

A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词

(who,

w

hom,

that,

which,

whose)

先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词

(where

地点状语,

when

时间状语,

why

原因状语

 

(七)介词+关系词

1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2)that前不能有介词。

3)某些在从句中充当时间,

地点或原因状语的

"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词

when,where和w

hy互换。

This

isthe

house

inwhichI

lived

twoyears

ago.

This

is

the

house

whereI

lived

two

years

ago.

Do

you

remember

the

day

onwhich

youjoined

our

club?

Do

you

remember

the

day

when

you

joined

our

club?

This

is

the

reason

why

he

came

late.

This

is

the

reason

for

whichhe

came

late.

(八)先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoeverspitsinpublic

eparentswillusewhatthey

willbepunished

havetosendtheir

here.son

(Whoever

totechnical

可以用

school.

anyone(what

who代替)2)T

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