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2unit1INSEARCHOFTHEAMBERROOM

FrederickWilliam?

，theKingofPrussia,couldneverhaveimaginedthathisgreatestgifttothe

Russianpeoplewouldhavesuchanamazinghistory.ThisgiftwastheAmberRoom,whichwas

giventhisnamebecauseseveraltonsofamberwereusedtomakeit.Theamberwhichwas

selectedhadabeautifulyellow-browncolourlikehoney.Thedesignoftheroomwasinthefancystylepopularinthosedays.Itwasalsoatreasuredecoratedwithgoldandjewels,whichtookthecountry'sbestartistsabouttenyearstomake.

Infact,theroomwasnotmadetobeagift.ItwasdesignedforthepalaceofFrederick?

.

However,thenextKingofPrussia,FrederickWilliam?

towhomtheamberroombelonged,

decidednottokeepit.In1716hegaveittoPetertheGreat.Inreturn,theCzarsenthimatroopofhisbestsoldiers.SotheAmberRoombecausepartoftheCzar'swinterpalaceinSt

Petersburg.Aboutfourmetreslong,theroomservedasasmallreceptionhallforimportant

visitors.

Later,Catherine?

hadtheAmberRoommovedtoapalaceoutsideStPetersburgwhereshe

spenthersummers.Shetoldherartiststoaddmoredetailstoit.In1770theroomwascompletedthewayshewanted.Almostsixhundredcandleslittheroom,anditsmirrorsandpicturesshonelikegold.Sadly,althoughtheAmberRoomwasconsideredoneofthewondersoftheworld,itisnowmissing.

InSeptember1941,theNaziarmywasnearStPetersburg.Thiswasatimewhenthetwo

countrieswereatwar.BeforetheNaziscouldgettothesummerpalace,theRussianswereabletoremovesomefurnitureandsmallartobjectsfromtheAmberRoom.However,someofthe

Nazissecretlystoletheroomitself.Inlessthantwodays100,000pieceswereputinside

twenty-sevenwooodenboxs.Thereisnodoubtthattheboxswerethenputonatrainfor

Konigsberg,whichwasatthattimeaGermancityontheBalticSea.Afterthat,whathappenedtotheAmberRoomremainsamystery.

Recently,theRussiansandGermanshavebuiltanewAmberRoomatthesummerpalace.By

studyingoldphotosoftheformerAmberRoom,theyhavemadethenewonelookliketheold

one.In2003itwasreadyforthepeopleofStPetersburgwhentheycelebratedthe300thbirthdayoftheircity.

AFACTORANOPINION?

Whatisafact?

Isitsomethingthatpeoplebelieve?

No.Afactisanythingthatcanbeproved.For

example,itcanbeprovedthatChinahasmorepeoplethananyothercountryintheworld.Thisisafact.

Thenwhatisanopinion?

Anopinioniswhatsomeonebelievesistruebuthasnotbeenproved.Soanopinionisnotgoodevidenceinatrial.Forexample,itisanopinionifyousay“Catsarebetter

petsthandogs”.Itmaybetrue,butitisdifficulttoprove.Somepeoplemaynotagreewiththisopinionbuttheyalsocannotprovethattheyareright.

Inatrial,ajudgemustdecidewhicheyewitnessestobelieveandwhichnottobelieve.Thejudgedoesnotconsiderwhateacheyewitnesslookslikeorwherethatpersonlivesorworks.He/sheonlycaresaboutwhethertheeyewitnesshasgiventrueinformation,whichmustbefactsratherthanopinions.Thiskindofinformationiscalledevidence.

Unit2

ANINTERVIEW

Pausanias,whowasaGreekwriterabout2,000yearsago,hascomeonamagicaljourneyonMarch18th2007tofindoutaboutthepresent-dayOlympicGames.HeisnowinterviewingLiYan,avolunteerforthe2008OlympicGames.

P:

MynameisPausanias.Ilivedinwhatyoucall“AncientGreece”andIusedtowriteabouttheOlympicGamesalongtimeago.I’vecometoyourtimetofindoutaboutthepresent-day

OlympicGamesbecauseIknowthatin2004theywereheldinmyhomeland.MayIaskyousomequestionsaboutthemodernOlympics?

L:

Goodheavens!

Haveyoureallycomefromsolongago?

Butofcourseyoucanaskanyquestionsyoulike.Whatwouldyouliketoknow?

P:

HowoftendoyouholdyourGames?

L:

Everyfouryears.TherearetwomainsetsofGames-theWinterandSummerOlympics,andbothareheldeveryfouryearsonaregularbasis.TheWinterOlympicsareusuallyheldtwoyearsbeforetheSummerGames.Onlyathleteswhohavereachedtheagreedstandardfortheireventwillbeadmittedascompetitors.Theymaycomefromanywhereintheworld.

P:

WinterGames?

Howcantherunnersenjoycompetinginwinter?

Andwhataboutthehorses?

L:

Ohno!

Therearenorunningracesorhorseridingevents.Insteadtherearecompetitionslikeskiingandiceskatingwhichneedsnowandice.That’swhythey’recalledtheWinterOlympics.It’sintheSummerOlympicsthatyouhavetherunningraces,togetherwithswimming,sailingand

alltheteamsports.

P:

Isee.Earlieryousaidthatathletesareinvitedfromallovertheworld.DoyoumeantheGreek

world?

OurGreekcitiesusedtocompeteagainsteachotherjustforthehonourofwinning.No

othercountriescouldjoinin,norcouldslavesorwomen!

L:

Nowadaysanycountrycantakepartiftheirathletesaregoodenough.Thereareover250

sportsandeachonhasitsownstandard.Womenarenotonlyallowed,butplayaveryimportant

roleingymnastics,athletics,teamsportsand…

P:

Pleasewaitaminute!

Allthoseevents,allthosecountriesandevenwomentakingpart!

Where

arealltheathleteshoused?

L:

ForeachOlympics,aspecialvillageisbuiltforthemtolivein,amainreceptionbuilding,

severalstadiumsforcompetitions,andagymnasiumaswell.

P:

Thatsoundsveryexpensive.DoesanyonewanttohosttheOlympicGames?

L:

Asamatteroffact,everycountrywantstheopportunity.It’sagreatresponsibilitybutalsoa

greathonourtobechosen.There’sasmuchcompetitionamongcountriestohosttheOlympicsas

towinOlympicmedals.The2008OlympicswillbeheldinBeijing,China.Didyouknowthat?

P:

Ohyes!

Youmustbeveryproud.

L:

Certainly.Andafterthatthe2012OlympicswillbeheldinLondon.Theyhavealreadystarted

planningforit.Anewvillagefortheathletesandallthestadiumswillbebuilttotheeastof

London.Newmedalswillbedesignedofcourseand…

P:

Didyousaymedals?

Soeventheolivewreathhasbeenreplaced!

Ohdear!

Doyoucompetefor

prizemoneytoo?

L:

No,wedon’t.it’sstillallaboutbeingabletorunfaster,jumphigherandthrowfurther.That’s

themottooftheOlympics,youknow-“Swifter,HigherandStronger.”

P:

Well,that’sgoodnews.Howinteresting!

Thankyousomuchforyourtime.

THESTORYOFATLANTA

AtlantawasaGreekprincess.ShewasverybeautifulandcouldrunfasterthananymaninGreece.

ButshewasnotallowedtorunandwingloryforherselfintheOlympicGames.Shewassoangry

thatshesaidtoherfatherthatshewouldnotmarryanyonewhocouldnotrunfasterthanher.Her

fathersaidthatshemustmarry,soAtlantamadeabargainwithhim.Shesaidtohim,"Theseare

myrules.Whenamansayshewantstomarryme,Iwillrunagainsthim.Ifhecannotrunasfast

asme,hewillbekilled.Noonewillbepardoned."

ManykingsandprinceswantedtomarryAtlanta,butwhentheyheardofrulestheyknewitwashopeless.Somanyofthemsadlywenthome,butothersstayedtoruntherace.TherewasamancalledHippomeneswhowasamazedwhenheheardofAtlanta'srules,"Whyarethesemensofoolish?

"hethought."Whywilltheyletthemselvesbekilledbecausetheycannotrunasfastasthisprincess?

"However,whenshesawAtlantacomeoutofherhousetorun,Hippomeneschangedhismind."IwillmarryAtlanta--ordie!

"hesaid.

Theracestartedandalthoughthemanranveryfast,Atlantaranfaster.AsHippomeneswatchedhethought,"HowcanIrunasfastasAtlanta?

"HewenttoasktheGreekGodnessofLoveforhelp.Shepromisedtohelphimandgavehimthreegoldenapples.Shesaid,"ThrowanappleinfrontofAtlantawhensheisrunningpast.Whenshestopstopickitup,youwillbeabletorunpastherandwin."

HippomenestooktheapplesandwenttotheKing.Hesaid,"IwanttomarryAtlanta."TheKingwassadtoseeanothermandie,butHippomenessaid,"Iwillmarryher------ordie!

"Sotheracebegan.

Unit3

WHOAMI?

OvertimeIhavebeenchangedquitealot.IbeganasacalculatingmachineinFrancein1642.AlthoughIwasyoungIcouldsimplifydifficultsums.IdevelopedveryslowlyandittooknearlytwohundredyearsbeforeIwasbuiltasananalyticalmachinebyCharlesBabbage.AfterIwasprogrammedbyanoperatorwhousedcardswithholes,Icould“think”logicallyandproducean

answerquickerthananyperson.Atthattimeitwasconsideredatechnologicalrevolutionandthestartofmy“artificialintelligence”.In1936myrealfather,AlanTuring,wroteabookabouthowIcouldbemadetoworkasa“universalmachine”tosolveanydifficultmathematicalproblem.

Fromthenon,Igrewrapidlybothinsizeandinbrainpower.Bythe1949sIhadgrownaslargeasaroom,andIwonderedifIwouldgrowanylarger.However,thisrealityalsoworriedmydesigners.Astimewentby,aswasmakesmaller.FirstasaPC（personalcomputer）andthenasalaptop,Ihavebeenusedinofficesandhomessincethe1970s.

Thesechangesonlybecamepossibleasmymemoryimproved.Firstitwasstoredintubes,thenontransistorsandlateronverysmallchips.AsaresultItotallychangedmyshape.AsIhavegrownolderIhavealsogrownsmaller.Overtimemymemoryhasdevelopedsomuchthat,likeanelephant,IneverforgetanythingIhavebeentold!

AndmymemorybecamesolargethatevenIcouldn’tbelieveit!

ButIwasalwayssolonelystandingtherebymyself,untilinearly1960stheygavemeafamilyconnectedbyanetwork.Iwasabletosharemyknowledgewithot