主语从句.docx
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主语从句
主语从句
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一.主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。
而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。
被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。
例如:
Itisa pitythatyoudidn’tgoto see thefilm.
Itdoesn’tinterestme whetheryousucceedor not.
It isin themorning thatthemurdertookplace.
ItisJohnthat broke thewindow.
2. 用it作形式主语的结构
(1)Itis+名词+从句
It is afactthat … 事实是…
It isanhonorthat…非常荣幸
Itiscommonknowledge that…是常识
(2) itis+形容词+从句
Itisnaturalthat…很自然…
Itisstrangethat… 奇怪的是…
(3)itis+不及物动词+从句
It seems that…似乎…
Ithappened that…碰巧…
(4)it+过去分词+从句
Itisreported that… 据报道…
Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…
3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2) It issaid,(reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如:
It is saidthatPresident Jingowill visitourschoolnextweek.(right)
ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnext week issaid.(wrong)
(3)Ithappens…, Itoccurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如:
Itoccurred tohimthathefailedinthe examination. (right)
Thathe failedintheexaminationoccurredtohim. (wrong)
(4)Itdoesn’tmatter how/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如:
Itdoesn’tmatter whether heiswrong ornot. (right)
Whetherheiswrongornot doesn’tmatter.(wrong)
(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。
例如:
Isitlikely thatitwill rainin the evening?
(right)
Isthat willrain inthe eveninglikely?
(wrong)
4.What与that在引导主语从句时的区别
What引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that则不然。
例如:
1) Whatyou saidyesterdayis right.
2) Thatsheisstill aliveis aconsolation.
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
名词性从句的语序
主要有两种构成方式:
a.That+陈述句
That lighttravelsinstraightlinesis known toall.
b.疑问句+句子的剩余成分
Thisis what we arelookingfor.
疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序。
连接词的选用:
(1)that和what的选用
that和what都可引导所有的名词性从句。
但what除起连接作用外,还在名词性从句中充当成分,可以做从句的主语、宾语或表语。
而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用。
e.g.What he wantsisabook.
Thathewants togothereisobvious.
Theresultis thatwe won the game.
Thisiswhatwewanttoknow.
(2)if和whether的选用
以下情况不能使用if
1.主语从句,2. 表语从句,3.同位语从句,
4.介词后的宾语从句, 5whether todo 做动词宾语不能用iftodo6.whetherornot连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if.
e.g. 1. Iasked her if/whethershehadabike.
2.Whetherwewillhold aparty intheopenairtommorrowdepends onthe weather.
3.We’re worriedabout whetherhe issafe.
4.Idon’tknow whether/ifheis wellornot.
5.Idon’tknowwhetherornothe iswell.
6.Thequestionis whetherheshoulddo it.
7. Idon’t know whether to go.
其他连接代词和副词的连用
主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义,正确的选择who、which、when、where、why、how等连接词,这些连接词既具有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。
e.g.我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
When weshall holdoursportsmeetingisnotdecided.
我不知道昨天谁打破了玻璃。
I don’tknowwhobroke the glassyesterday.
我不知道他长的什么样子。
Ihave noidea whathelookslike.
这就是我忘记眼镜的地方。
Thisiswhere I leftmy glasses.
引导词that的省略
单个宾语从句中的that可省略。
that不可省略的情况:
主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,用it作形式宾语的宾语从句,并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词that不能省略。
三.表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。
可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look, remain,seem等。
引导表语从句的that常可省略。
另外,常用的还有thereasonis that… 和Itis because等结构。
例如:
1)The questioniswhether wecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashort time.
2)Thisis whywe can’tgetthesupport ofthepeople
3)But thefactremains that we arebehind the otherclasses.
4) The reason heis lateforschoolisthathemissed theearlybus.
四.同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:
1) The king’sdecisionthat theprisoner would beset freesurprisedallthepeople.
2)The order thatallthesoldiersshouldstay stillisgivenbythegeneral.
2.同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。
例如:
Hegotthe newsfromMarythatthesportsmeeting wasputoff.
5.同位语从句,即与先行词同位或等同的从句,其先行词多为belief, doubt,fact,hope,idea, news,promise,question, remark,reply,report,thought,truth等;其引导词多为that(在口语中可省去),也可用whether what、when、where等,如:
ﻫTherecanbe nodoubtthatwe'llfinish intime.ﻫMostpeople arefamiliarwith theideathatall matter consists of atoms.ﻫWeshould discusscarefullytheimportant questionwhetherornotwecancompletethetaskwithin a week.
I haveon ideawhenhewillcome backhome.
Ihave onideawherehecomesfrom.ﻫ
注意that 在同位语从句中不作任何句子成分,只起引导从句的作用,
二.宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略),例如:
I heardthathejoinedthearmy.
(2)由what,whether (if)引导的宾语从句,例如:
1)She didnot know whathadhappened.
2)Iwonderwhetheryoucan changethisnote forme.
(3)动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。
例如:
Shetold me that shewouldacceptmyinvitation.
2.作介词的宾语
例如:
Oursuccessdependsuponhow wellwe cancooperate withoneanother.
3.作形容词的宾语
例如:
Iamafraid(that)I’ve madea mistake.
That引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:
Anxious, aware, certain,confident, convinced,determined,glad, proud, surprised,worried, sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed, pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。
也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。
4.It可以作为形式宾语
It不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。
例如:
Weheard itthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth..
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有Allow,refuse,let,like,cause, force, admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love, help, take, forgive等。
这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。
例如:
Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.(right)
I admire thattheywonthematch. (wrong)
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有Envy, order,accuse, refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。
例如:
Heimpressedthemanager asanhonestman.(right)
Heimpressedthemanagerthat he wasanhonestman. (wrong)
7.否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为Think,consider,suppose, believe,expect, fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。
例如:
Idon’tthinkthis dressfitsyouwell.(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
)
引导定语从句的关系词有ﻫ1. 关系代词 who,whom(代人);which(代物);that, whose,as (代人或物)。
它们的数和人称要和先行词一致,格取决于它们在句中充当的成分,如:
ﻫAmachineisakindofdevice which(that) helpsto do work.ﻫThose whowant tickets shouldgo totheoffice.ﻫThetechnician whomwemet yesterday hadworkedout a newautomaticdevice.ﻫﻫ先行词前有限定词 all,any,every,(a)few, no,only,some, very 或序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时,或先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,none 或 -thing构成的复合不定代词时,一般只用关系代词 that,如:
ﻫAnyboythat wants tosucceedmustwork hard. ﻫThereis notmuchthatcanbedone.ﻫI've made upmy mind,and nothing (that) yousay willchangeit.
ﻫ先行词是指示代词such 或same时,只用as,先行词被指示形容词such或same 修饰时,通常用as,如:
This bookis notsuchasI expected.ﻫShesaidthesameasshe said before.
I've neverseen such dogsasyoudescribe. ﻫI'll wear thesamedressas Ididlasttime.ﻫ
2.关系副词有:
when,where,why,它们都在从句中作状语,其先行词总是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,如:
ﻫThe dayswhen theyhadtoimportgrain from abroadhave now passed.ﻫAir moves fromplaceswhere thepressureis higher toplaceswherethepressureislower.
Herefusedtotellthereasonwhyhe did it.
ﻫ限制性和非限制性定语从句 (Restrictiveand Non-restrictiveClause)ﻫ限制性定语从句是主句中的先行词不可缺少的一部分,如果省去,主句的意义就不完整或不明确,因此,它与主句关系十分密切,不用逗号与主句分开;非限制性定语从句只是对主句中的先行词作附加说明,如果省去,主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念,因此,它与主句间有一逗号分开,如:
ﻫDon'tyouknow thepeople who livenext door?
Theproblem,whichiscomplicated,has been solved.
ﻫThat不用于引导非限制性定语从句;先行词是主句或主句的一部分时,用which 或as 引导非限制性定语从句,如从句放在主句之前则用 as而不用which,如:
Hechangedhismind, which mademeveryangry.
Hewasa foreigner, as/ which Iknewfromhisaccent.ﻫAswasexpected,heperformedthetaskwith success.ﻫﻫ关于“Noun/Pronoun +Preposition+Which/Whom / Whose” 结构
The resistanceofaconductor depends onthe kindofsubstance ofwhichit ismade.ﻫIsn'tshethegirlwith whomyouvisited theexhibitionthe otherday?
ﻫﻫ关系代词whom和 which 常常作介词 of的宾语,用“名词/代词/数词+of+whom/which”结构,如:
Heisreadingabook,the nameofwhich Idon'tknow.ﻫHer parents, bothofwhomare teachers,areverystrict withher.
Inourclass therearefortystudents, four ofwhomare fromAfrica.
ﻫWhose指物时常可用ofwhich 代替,这时 whose所修饰的名词放在of which之前,如:
ﻫWehad ameeting whosepurposewascompletelyunclear.ﻫ= Wehad a meetingthepurposeofwhich wascompletely unclear.ﻫAppositionandAppositiveClause(同位语和同位语从句)
倒装结构也是英语考试中的常考语法现象,该结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
所谓全部倒装是指整个谓语部分放在主语前面;
谓语+主语
而部分倒装是指谓语的一部分(情态动词或助动词)放在主语之前。
助动词+主语+谓语动词
v考点一:
表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时,句子要全部倒装。
这些词有:
here, there,up,down,out, away,now, then,
Therewasasudden gustofwindand away went his hat.
Ineachroom aretenstudents. 每个房间里有十个学生。
v考点二:
当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时,要用部分倒装。
这类词包括:
not,never,neither,seldom, little, nowhere, hardly,scarcely,rarely,no longer, notuntil,atno time,byno means, onnoaccount,innocase,underno circumstances, onnoaccount,notonly … butalso…。
Nowherein the world can youfinda manwho lovesyousomuch.
Notuntil he came backdidIleave. (注意:
只能是主句的主谓倒装)
Onnoaccount willthe manager toleraterudenessfromhisemployees.
v考点三:
as/so +adj. /adv. 以及“tosuchadegree, tosuchan extent, tosuch apoint.”放在句首, 表示程度,句子要倒装。
To such an extentdidhishealthdeterioratethathe was forced to retire.
So diligently doesheworkthatheoften forgetstoeatandsleep.
v考点四:
虚拟语气中,省去if 后,从句需要倒装。
Had henot beenpromoted,he never haveremainedwiththecompany.
(=Ifhe hadnotbeenpromoted,…)
Should you changeyourmind,no one wouldblameyou.
Werehetoleavetoday, hewouldgettherebyMonday.
v考点五:
“only+状语”放在句首时,句子需要倒装。
Only byworkinghard can youachieve yourgoal.
Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvethisproblemsuccessfullyand effectively.
v考点六:
由as或though引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句,即把表语或部分谓语提前。
Patient though /ashewas,hewasunwillingto waitthreehours.他虽有耐心,但也不愿意