血液中酒精含量的测定外文文献.docx

血液中酒精含量的测定外文文献.docx

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血液中酒精含量的测定外文文献

血液中酒精含量的测定外文文献

1.Microdeterminationofalcoholinbloodbygas-liquidchromatography.

气液色谱法测定血液中的微量酒精

2.Computer-aidedheadspacegaschromatographyappliedtoblood-alcoholanalysis:

importanceofonlineprocesscontrol.

计算机辅助顶空气相色谱法测定血液中的酒精：

在线过程控制的重要性。

Thispaperdescribestheanalysisofethanolinbloodspecimens（标本）fromsuspectdrunkdriversandtheassociatedqualityassuranceprocedurescurrentlyusedinSwedenforlegalpurposes.（目前在瑞典使用的以法律为目的的相关质量保证程序）Aliquots（等分试样）ofwholebloodfromtwoseparateVacutainertubes（真空采血管）arediluted（稀释）with1-propanol（丙醇）asinternalstandardbeforeanalysisbyheadspacegaschromatography（HS-GC）withthreedifferentstationaryphases:

CarbopakB,CarbopakC,and15%Carbowax20M（聚乙二醇）.TheactualHS-GCanalysis,theintegration（整合）ofchromatographicpeaks,thecollectionandprocessingofresults,aswellasthequalitycontroltestsinvolvetheuseofcomputer-aidedtechniques.Thestandarddeviation（误差，偏差）ofanalysis（y）increasedwithconcentrationofethanolinthebloodspecimen（x）,andabove0.50mg/gtheregressionequation（回归方程）wasy=0.0033+0.0153x.Theprosecution（起诉）blood-alcoholconcentration（BAC）isthemeanofthreeseparatedeterminationsmadebydifferentlaboratorytechniciansworkingindependentlywithdifferentsetsofequipment.Adeduction（推论）ismadefromthemeananalyticalresulttocompensate（补偿）forrandomandsystematicerrorsinherentinthemethod.AtBACsof0.5and1.5mg/g,whicharethestatutory（法定的）limitsinSweden,theallowancescurrentlymadeare0.06and0.09mg/g,respectively.Accordingly,thereducedprosecutionBACislessthantheactualBACwithastatisticalconfidenceof99.9%.

4.Directblood-injectionmethodforgaschromatographicdeterminationofalcoholsandothervolatilecompounds（挥发性化合物）.

5.Variabilityoftheblood/breathalcoholratioindrinkingdrivers.

Theratioofblood-alcoholconcentration（BAC）tobreath-alcoholconcentration（BrAC）wasdeterminedfor799individualsapprehended（逮捕）fordrivingundertheinfluenceofalcohol（DUI）inSweden.TheBrACwasdeterminedwithaninfraredanalyzer（Intoxilyzer5000S）andvenousBACwasmeasuredbyheadspacegaschromatography.Thebloodsampleswerealwaystakenafterthebreathtestsweremadeandtheaveragetimedelaywas30+/-12min（+/-SD）,spanningfrom6to60min.Theblood/breathratiosofalcoholdecreasedasthetimebetweensamplingbloodandbreathincreased（F=15.4,p<0.001）,being2337+/-183（6to15min）,2302+/-202（16to30min）,2226+/-229（31to45min）,and2170+/-225（46to60min）.WhentheBACwascorrectedforthemetabolism（新陈代谢）ofalcoholatarateof0.019g%/h,themeanblood/breathratioswere2395+/-193（6to15min）,2416+/-211（16to30min）,2406+/-223（31to45min）,and2407+/-210（45to60min）;nosignificantdifferences（F=0.197,p>0.05）.Theoverallmeantime-adjustedblood/breathratio（+/-SD）was2407+/-213andthe95%limitsofagreement（LOA）were1981and2833.During1992,1993,and1994,themeanblood/breathratiosofalcoholwereremarkablyconstant（恒定的）,being2409+/-288,2407+/-206,and2421+/-235,respectively,andthevalueswerenotsignificantlyinfluencedbytheperson'sage,gender,orblood-alcoholcontent.In34individuals（4.3%）,theblood/breathratiowaslessthan2100aftercompensatingformetabolismofalcoholbetweenthetimesofsamplingbloodandbreath.Thiscompareswith156individuals（19.6%）havingablood/breathratiolessthan2100:

1withoutmakinganycorrectionforthemetabolismofalcohol.

6.Temporalrelationsbetweenbloodalcoholconcentrationandalcoholeffect:

anexperimentwithhumansubjects

Eachof40fasting（禁食）humansubjects（20menand20women）consumed1gethanol（absolute）perkilogrambodyweightasa20%solutionbyvolumeinorgangejuice.ThetimetopeakBACwasfoundtobe24.0minlaterthanthetimetopeakalcoholeffectasmeasuredbymagnitude（强度）estimation.Thisdifferenceisbothlargeandstatisticallyreliable.Thesedataarecomparedwiththoseintheliterature（文献）whichusuallyshowtheseeventstobesynchronous.（同步的）Discussionincludesreasonsforthisempiricaldiscrepancy（经验上的差异）,implicationsofthetheoryofacutetolerance,andplansforfutureresearch.

Examinationofgroupdatashowsthesamegeneraltrendsobtainedintheanalysisofindividualdata:

alcohol-effectscoresreachpeakearlierthanBACforthegroupasawhole（n=40）,orformenalone,orforwomenalone.Moreover,alcohol-effectscoresdeclinemorerapidlyinlatertrialsthanBACscores,ashasbeenreportedearlier.

7.Chromatographicmethodsforbloodalcoholdetermination

Thisreviewisfocusedonthedifferentchromatographicstrategiesforbloodalcoholdeterminationwhichcanbeadoptedforclinicaland/orforensicpurposes.Particularattentionispaidtogaschromatographyandtohigh-performanceliquidchromatography.However,otheranalyticaltechniquesincommonuse,suchaschemicalandenzymicmethods,arealsobrieflypresented,togetherwithsome,atpresentunusualorexperimental,approaches,suchasenzymicreactorsandcatalyticelectrodes,whicharesuitableforapplicationincolumnliquidchromatography.Finally,mentionismadeofthemethodsforthedeterminationofacetaldehyde,themajorethanolmetabolite,andofsomeproposedmarkersofchronicalcoholabuse,suchasacetaldehyde—proteinadductsandcarbohydrate-deficienttransferrin.Inordertogivethebackgroundofknowledgefortherationalchoiceofananalyticalstrategy,anupdatedoutlineofethanolmetabolismandtoxicologyispresented,togetherwithbasicinformationfortheinterpretationoftheresults.Problemsconcerningbloodsamplingandstoragearealsodiscussed.

8.Asimplemethodusinghead-spacegasfordeterminationofbloodalcoholbygaschromatography

9.Theadvantagesofautomatedbloodalcoholdeterminationbyheadspaceanalysis.

Precision,specificityandinterpretation（解释）oftheresultsarereported.Usingonlyfewdifferentcolumnsallvolatilesubstancesofimportancearedetectedspecifically,Withnewdevelopedstationaryphases,graphite（石墨）assupport,theanalysiscouldbedonewithasufficientresolutionin1min.Theabsolutepeakheightoftheinternalstandardortheamountofacetaldehyde（乙醛）determinesthestatusofthesampleandenablesaverypreciseanalysisofalcoholinblood

10.Effectofshort-termstorageconditionsonalcoholconcentrationsinbloodfromlivinghumansubjects.

Weexaminedtheeffectsoftime,temperature,andapreservative（sodiumfluoride）onethanolconcentrationsinstoredsamplesofwholebloodfromlivinghumansubjects.Wemeasuredtheethanolinthefirst,second,seventh,and14thdayofstorage,bygaschromatography.Sampleswerestoredat0-3degreesCandat22-29degreesC,withandwithoutpreservative.Noneoftheseshowedsignificantgainsorlossesinconcentration.Theaveragedifferencesbetweenethanolasmeasuredonthedayofcollectionandafterstoragewereallwithintherangeofexperimentalerrorofthemethod（+/-5%）.

11.ACCURATEMEASUREMENTOFBLOOD-ALCOHOLCONCENTRATIONWITHISOTHERMALREBREATHING

12.Currentstatusofbloodalcoholmethods.

13.Estimationofbloodalcoholconcentrationsaftersocialdrinking.

Requestsforestimatesofbloodalcoholconcentrations（BACs）areoftenmadewhenbloodsamplesaretakensomehoursafterthetimeofinterest.Manybelievethatsuchestimatesarenotreliablebecausethesubject'salcoholclearancerateisneverknownandoftenthereisuncertaintyastowhetherthesubjectwaspostabsorptiveatthetimeinquestion.InordertoevaluatethepotentialerrorsassociatedwithBACestimatesunderthesenon-idealconditions,BACestimateswerecomparedwithempiricaldataobtainedfrom24healthymales,ranginginagefrom22to56years,whotookpartinathreehoursocialdrinkingsession.Onebloodsampleforalcoholanalysiswastakenfromeachsubjectapproximately1hourafterdrinkingstoppedandanotherwastakenapproximately3.5hoursafterdrinkingstopped.EstimationsofBACsatthebloodsamplingtimepointsweremadeassumingeachpersonhadaconstantbloodalcoholclearancerateintherangeof10to20mg/dL/h（0.01to0.02g/dL/h）overthewholeoftheexperimentalperiod.Avarietyofmethodswereusedtoestimatethevolumeofdistributionforalcohol.AllBACestimationsweremadeassumingcompleteabsorptionandfullequilibrationofthetotalalcoholdose.TheresultsshowedthatactualBACswereusuallywithinorveryclosetotherangeof"forward"estimatesbasedontheknownalcoholdoses.Furthermore,mostBACsmeasuredaboutanhouraftercessationofdrinkingwerewithinorveryclosetothepredictedrangebasedonbackextrapolationfromtheactual3.5hourBACresult.

14.Micro-techniqueofsampledilutionfordeterminationofalcoholinbloodbygaschromatography

15.Thestabilityofethylalcoholinforensicbloodspecimens

Headspacegaschromatographywasusedtoreanalyzeforensicbloodspecimensforethylalcoholcontentafterstorageatroomtemperaturefor3.0and6.75years.Allsamplesexhibitedadeclineinethanolconcentration,withmostlossesfallingwithintheexpected20to40mg%range.

16.Studiesonbreathalcoholanalysisfortheestimationofbloodalcohollevels.

17.Ultra-rapidrateofethanoleliminationfrombloodindrunkendriverswithextremelyhighblood-alcoholconcentrations

18.Theaccuracyofbloodalcoholanalysisusingheadspacegaschromatographywhenperformedonclottedsamples.

19.Ageandgenderdifferencesinblood-alcoholconcentrationinapprehendeddriversinrelationtotheamountsofalcoholconsumed

20.Effectofdifferentconcentrationsofsodiumfluorideonbloodalcoholdeter