International environmental law and policy.docx

International environmental law and policy.docx

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Internationalenvironmentallawandpolicy

Internationalenvironmentallawandpolicy

Lesson1（Page18-27,33-44）

Chapter1ThenatureofInternationalenvironmentalissues

A.Interdependence

B.Humanpopulation

1.Thegrowinghumanpopulation

2.Populationmatters:

people,resources,environment,andimmigration

C.Socialandculturalcontext

D.Economiccontext:

Povertyandeconomicdisparities

1.Theendofpoverty,economicpossibilitiesforourtime

E.Politicalcontext

1.Internationalenvironmentalpolicy

2.Thepoliticaleconomyofchange

3.Redefiningsecurity

4.Thechangingstructureofinternationallaw

5.Endofthethirdworld

6.Ourcommonfuture

7.Redskyatmorning

Lesson2（P44-82）

F.Sustainabledevelopmentandthemillenniumdevelopmentgoals

Theprotectionofhealthandtheenvironmentisinextricablyrelatedtoeconomicactivityandsocialconditions.

Oneviewofthe“sustainabledevelopment”isthatasaprocessratherthanasastaticend-point--aprocessthatisnotnecessarilythesameforallcountriesbutthatisfoundedoninformedpublicinputfromallandtheuseofintegratingtoolssuchassustainabledevelopmentimpactanalysis,cost-internalizationtechniques,sustainabilityindicators,andnaturalresourceaccounting.

1.DeclarationofSantaCruzdelasierraandplanofactionforthesustainabledevelopmentoftheAmericas

Inviewofthedifferentcontributionstoglobalenvironmentaldegradation,stateshavecommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilitiesintheglobalquestforsustainabledevelopment.

Ithasfourprimarycharacteristics:

aDevelopmentmusttakeintoaccounttheinterestsoffuturegenerations（intergenerationalequity）

bDevelopmentmustgiveprioritytomeetingtheneedsoftheworld’spoor（intragenerationalequity）

cTheenvironmentmustbeprotectedatleasttoasignificantdegreeinordertobeabletoprovidewhatwewouldnowrefertoasessentialenvironmentalservices

dEnvironmental,economic,andsocialissuescannotbeconsideredinisolationbutmustbeintegrated.

2.Millenniumecosystemassessment

aPovertyeradication

bHungereradication

cReducingchildmortality

dCombatingdisease

eEnvironmentalsustainability

Chapter2Thephilosophicalframework（P53-82）

A.Theintergenerationaldimension

Twophilosophicaldimensions:

Ourrelationshiptofuturegenerationsandourrelationshiptonature.

1.IntergenerationalEnvironmentalIssues

aArticle:

Infairnesstofuturegenerations:

Internationallaw,commonpatrimonyandintergenerationalequity.

View:

Anygenerationmustaddressthreeproblemsoffairnessamonggenerations:

1）Depletionofresourcesresultinginthelossofoptionsordiversityinresources

-Differentialsinthepriceofaresourcetodifferentgenerations

-Naturalresourcesareoftenexploitedinignoranceoftheirpotentialeconomicimportance,whichmaydepletepotentiallyvaluableresources

-Narrowingofthediversityoftheresourcebasethatwepasstofuturegenerationsand,insomecases,eliminatesresourcesthatpeopledependupon.

2）Degradationinthequalityoftheenvironmentanditsresources

-Thepresentgenerationusesthenaturalenvironmentasafreeorcheapresourceinwhichtodumpitsphysicalwastes

-Degradationofenvironmentalqualityarisesbecausesomeactionsofthepresentgenerationsodegradeenvironmentalqualitythatfuturegenerationswillhavelessflexibilityinusingtheirnaturalresources.

-Pollutethenaturalenvironmentdirectlyleadtodepletionofplantandanimallife.

3）Discriminatoryaccesstoresourcesamonggenerationsandwithinthepresentgeneration.

-Theneedsoffuturegenerations,whichforeclosethepresentgenerationfromconsumingallofthefruitsofthenaturalandculturalresourcesofitsancestors

-Thesevereimpoverishmentofsomecommunities,whichpreventsthemfrombeingabletoshareequitablyintheplanetarylegacy

-Actionsbymembersofthepresentgenerationthatpreventothermembersfromenjoyingthefruitsofthelegacy.

2.Theoreticalperspectives

-Preservationistapproach

-Opulentapproach

-Viewtheearthasaninvestment,witheachgenerationlivingofftheinterestonthecapital.

Article1:

Intergenerationalequity:

Towardaninternationallegalframework

Article2:

Man’sresponsibilityfornature:

Ecologicalproblemsandwesterntradition.Ariseshappinessorjusticeisthestandardforouractions.

Article3:

Environmentalethicsandtherightsoffuturegenerations.

3.ImplementationofIntergenerationalEquity

Article1:

Guidelinesonintergenerationalequity

4.JudicialapplicationofIntergenerationalEquity

aInternationalCourtofJustice

The1995JudgmentoftheCourtdeclinedtoaccepttherequestsinceundergroundratherthanatmospherictestswherenowinvolved.JudgeWeeramantrywrotethedissentingopinionsdiscussedtheimportanceofintergenerationalequitytothedispute.

bSupremeCourtofthePhilippines

TheSupremeCourtoftheRepublicofthePhilippinesgrantedstandingtoagroupofchildrenasrepresentativeofthemselvesandoffuturegenerationstobringacaseagainsttheenvironmentandNaturalresourcesDepartmenttoseekcancellationofexistingtimberlicenseagreementsandtobantheapprovalofnewones.

cHighCourtofKenya

Waweruv.RepublicofKenya,（2006）,applytheprincipleofintergenerationalequitytoacaseofwaterpollution.

5.ParliamentaryImplementation

Knesset,Israel’sparliamentarybodypassedalawcreatingacommissiononFutureGenerationswithaKnessetCommissionerforfutureGenerations.

B.Relationshipofhumanstothenaturalsystem

1.Flora（植物）

Article1:

Shouldtreeshavestanding?

-Towardlegalrightsfornaturalobjects.

Article2:

SierraClub塞拉俱乐部,等于山峦协会，美国环保组织名v.Morton,SecretaryoftheInterior

Article3:

Onpreservingthenaturalenvironment

Article4:

2.Fauna（动物）

Article1:

Whales:

theiremergingrighttolife

Lesson3（P83-104,113-118,124-133）

Chapter3RationalDecisionmakinganditsconstraints:

Economics,Risk,andUncertainty

A.Whatcausesenvironmentaldegradation?

-Thetragedyofthecommons

B.Bearingthecostofexternalities（外部经济效果）

1.Thetheoreticalbasisofthepolluterpaysprinciple（PP）:

externalitytheory（污染者付费原则　指污染环境的产业应当为此支付费用的原则。

此项费用可以税收、许可费等形式收取。

）

Thequestioniswhoisthepolluter.Forexample,intherestaurant,arethecustomersortheholderoftherestaurantoranybodyelse?

2.Shouldstatespay

aStateresponsibilityfortransboundary,andglobalcommonsdamage.

bFourmajorprinciplesofassigningstateresponsibilityanddiscusstheeconomicmeaningofthoseprinciples.

1）OECD:

Eachstateisresponsibleforallwastedischargecontrolcostsinternallyandexternallybutisnotresponsibleforcompensationofremainingdamagesfollowinginstallationoftheagreed-uponcontrols.

2）FC:

Fullcostingprinciple,whichrequiresthestateresponsibleforwastedischargetopaycompensationforremainingdamagesaswellascontrolcosts.

3）VP:

Victimpaysprinciple,whichrequirestheaffectedstatetocompensatetheaffectingstate（orinternalpartiescreatingharmfulresiduals）forallcostsofcontrolandtoabsorballresidualdamagesaftercontrolsareimplemented.

4）Commonpropertyresourcesinstitutionprinciple（CPRI）:

Requirestheestablishmentofaninternalorinternationalautonomousagencytoregulatethejointuseofcommonpropertyresourcesbyindividualormultiplestates.

3.Externalitytheoryinpractice

aTherearefourcategoriesofcoststhatmustbeexaminedandbalancedinenvironmentaldecisionmaking.

1）Damagecosts:

directlyresultfromapollutingactivity,forexample,illnessandpropertydamagestemmingfromairpollution.

2）Avoidancecosts:

peopleincurinordertoavoidorreducedamagecosts,forexample,thecostofdrivingfarthertofindnunpollutedbeach.

3）Transactioncosts:

resourcesconsumedinmakingandenforcingpoliciesandregulations,suchasthecostsofmonitoringairpollution.

4）Abatementcosts:

Associatedwithreducingtheamountofenvironmentaldegradation,suchascostofsewagetreatmentplants.

C.RiskandUncertainty

1.Theproblemofscientificuncertainty

2.Riskanalysisandinternationalenvironmentallaw

aTheprocessofriskAssessment

1）Riskestimationbasedonhistoricaldata

2）Risksofnewtechnologies

3）Risksbyanalogy:

carcinogenicrisks

4）Riskvalueversuscertaintyofinformation

5）Comparisonofrisks

6）Contrastingrisks

7）Expressionofrisks

8）Costofreducingarisk

bRiskassessmentandriskmanagement

cRiskassessmentandmanagementtechniques

D.Cost-benefitanalysis

1.Theoryandhistoricpractice

Article1:

Benefit-Costanalysisinnaturalresourcesdecisionmaking:

Aneconomicandlegaloverview

aInformalbenefit-costanalysis:

comparesinasystematicmannerthebenefitsandcostsofalternativeprojects,butwhichdoesnotquantifyormonetizeallthebenefitsandcosts.

bQuantitativebenefit-costanalysis:

comparesquantified,butnotnecessarilymonetized,benefitsandcostsofalternativeprotects.Quantificationinvolvesmeasuringallbenefitsandcostsintermsofmeasurableunitssuchassquaremiles,gallonsanddecibels.

cMonetized（orformal）benefit-costanalysis:

ananalysiswhichdefinesallbenefitsandcostsintermsoftheirdollarvalue

Article2:

Worldcommissionondams,damsanddevelopment:

Anewframeworkfordecision-making

aFIRR:

Financialinternalrateofreturn,tellstheprojectowneriftheprojectisprofitable

bEIRR:

Economicinternalrateofreturn,isintendedtotellsocietyiftheprojectimprovestheoveralleconomicwelfareofthenation.

2.Somehardquestions

aTwobasiccategoriesofcriticism:

technicalandphilosophical.

bEconomistsusethediscountmethod