语言学概论总结.docx
《语言学概论总结.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学概论总结.docx（23页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
语言学概论总结
语言学概论总结
Chapter1----Introduction
PartOne
★Definitionoflanguage
★★★Designfeaturesoflanguage
★★Functionsoflanguage
PartTwo
★Definitionoflinguistics
★★Thescopeoflinguistics
★★★Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics
Exercises:
1）WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage（2005）
A.arbitrariness任意性B.productivity
C.culturaltransmissionD.finiteness有限性
2）Thedistinctionbetweenparole言语andlangue语言wasmadeby_____.（2006）
A.HallidayC.Saussure索绪尔（瑞士语言学家）
B.Chomsky乔姆斯基（美国语言学家，转换生成语法的创始人）
D.Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育家）
考点：
语言流派的主要代表人物、四对概念的区分。
3）Languageisatoolofcommunication.Thesymbol“highwayclosed”onahighwayserves_____.（2010）
A.anexpressivefunction表达功能
B.aninformativefunction信息功能
C.aperformativefunction行事/施为功能
D.apersuasivefunction劝说功能
考点：
语言的基本功能。
信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能、寒暄功能、娱乐功能。
其中最重要的是信息功能。
4）Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit"is___.
A.informativeB.phatic寒暄功能
C.directive指示功能D.performative
1.2.1WhatislanguageP7-8
Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
1）Languageisasystem.
Systematic----rule-governed受规则制约的,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules；can’tbecombinedatwill..*bkli，*Iappleeat.
2）Languageisarbitrary.
Arbitrary----nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes表示..“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.
3）Languageissymbolic符号的innature.
Symbolic----wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention惯例.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”----byShakespeare
4）Languageisprimarilyvocal.
Vocal----theprimarymedium基本媒介issoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.
5）Languageishuman-specific.语言是人类特有的
Human-specific----differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess..birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.
1.2.2Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage（CharlesHockett）:
P8-10
1）Arbitrariness任意性
2）Productivity/Creativity创造性
3）Duality二重性
4）Displacement移位性
5）Culturaltransmission文化传递性
1）Arbitrariness
◎----Nological（motivated有积极性的orintrinsic固有的）connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.
◎Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy…
Apes[eɪp]gibber['dʒɪbə].猴子唧唧叫
Roosterscrow.公鸡喔喔叫
Henscluck.母鸡咯咯嗒
Chickspeep.小鸡唧唧唧
Bullsbellow.Cowsmoo.老牛哞哞哞
Ducksquack[kwæk].鸭子嘎嘎嘎
Catsmew.小猫喵喵叫
Frogscroak.青蛙呱呱呱
Goatsbleat.小羊咩咩咩
Pigsgrunt.小猪呼噜噜
Micesqueak[skwik].老鼠吱吱叫
Dogsbark.小狗汪汪叫
◎Animalsmakemuchthesamesoundsaroundtheworld,buteachlanguageexpressesthemdifferently.EnglishandChinesecowssoundthesame,butnotinEnglishandChinese!
◎Thearbitrarylinkbetweenalinguisticsign语言符号anditsmeaning,however,isalsoconventional符合习俗的.
2）Productivity/Creativity
◎----Peculiarto是…特有的humanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.
◎Languageisresourceful资源丰富的becauseofitsduality二元性anditsrecursiveness[ri'kə:
sivnis]递归性.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.
◎Wordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantly立即地understoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacross讲得清楚明白thatusagebefore.
◎Therecursivenature递归性oflanguageprovidesapotentialtocreateaninfinitenumberofsentences.Forinstance:
①Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknownforitsgraduateswho...②Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt麦芽thatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.
3）Duality（doublearticulation）
Lowerlevel----sounds（meaningless）
Higherlevel----meaning（largerunitsofmeaning）
二层性是指拥有两层结构这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。
（Lyons,1981）
.b-o-o-k（meaninglesssegments:
lowerlevel,secondary）→Book（meaningfulunit:
higherlevel,primary）Questions:
①Canyouthinkofsomeothersystemswiththepropertyofduality②Whyisthispropertygenerallyassumedascentraltolanguage③Doesanimallanguagehavethisproperty
●Hierarchy等级制度oflanguage:
Thesecondarylevelsounds
（meaningless）syllables
↓↓
Theprimarylevelmorphemes
（meaningful）words
phrases
sentences（etc.）
4）Displacement
----Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）:
realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-away遥远的places.
.Agibbon长臂猿neverutters发出acallaboutsomethingheatelastyear.
◎Animalcommunicationisnormallyunder“immediatestimuluscontrol”（直接刺激控制）.Forinstance,awarningcryofabirdinstantlyannouncesdanger.
◎Humanlanguageisstimulus-free.Whatwearetalkingaboutneednotbetriggeredbyanyexternalstimulus刺激intheworldoranyinternalstate.
5）Culturaltransmission
◎----Languageisculturallytransmitted（throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct）.
◎Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.
◎Thestoryofawolfchild狼孩,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.
1.2.3Functionsoflanguage:
P10-12
1）referential[,refə'renʃ（ə）l]（toconveymessageandinformation）（所指功能，即传达信息）
2）poetic[pəʊ'etɪk]（toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake）（诗学功能，即享受语言自身的乐趣）
3）emotive（toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions）（情感功能，即表达态度，感觉和情感）
4）conative['kəunətiv]（topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests）（意动功能，即通过指令和恳求说服和影响他人）
5）phatic['fætɪk]（toestablishcommunionwithothers）（寒暄功能，即与他人建立交际）
6）metalingual[,metə'liŋɡwəl]（toclearupintentionsandmeanings）.（元语言功能，弄清意图、词语和意义）
注：
1）emotive（expressive）function:
releasesfeelings.Swearwords骂人话,obscenities猥亵,exclamation惊叹词,involuntaryverbal言语的reactions.
2）phaticfunction:
Goodmorning.Howareyou
●Halliday哈利迪
Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctions元功能思想oflanguage.
◎Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant敬上）indicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.
WhatisLinguistics语言学P1
◎Thescientificstudyofhumanlanguage
◎Aimsoflinguistictheory:
Whatisknowledgeoflanguage（Competence）
Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired（Acquisition）
Howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse（Performance/languageprocessing性能/语言处理）
1.1.2MainbranchesoflinguisticsP2-3
Phonetics发音/语音学
Phonology音系/音韵学
Morphology形态学
■Syntax句法
Semantics语义学
Pragmatics语用学
●Thescopeoflinguistics
1.1.3ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsP3-6
Descriptivevs.prescriptive
Synchronicvs.diachronic
Speechvs.writing
Langue&parole
Competenceandperformance
1）Descriptivevs.prescriptive
◎Don'tsayX.Peopledon'tsayX.
Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.
◎Thedistinctionliesin在于prescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.
◎Descritptive:
thelinguiststriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalargecommunityactuallyconform遵照anddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrulesornormsofcorrectness.
◎Prescriptive：
thegrammarians文法家triestolaydown制定rulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsetthedisputesover就…进行辩论usageonceandforall彻底地.（right/wrong）
◎Humorousgrammarrules：
⊕Neverendasentencewithapreposition.
⊕Anddon'tstartasentencewithaconjunction.
⊕Itiswrongtoeversplit分离aninfinitive不定式.
⊕Nosentencefragments.
2）Synchronicvs.diachronic
◎Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.
◎Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.
◎Synchronicstudy共时性研究----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime（modernlinguistics）
◎Diachronicstudy历时性研究----descriptionofalanguagethroughtime（historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）
3）Speechvs.writing
◎Speech----primarymediumoflanguage
◎Writing----laterdeveloped
4）Langue语言vs.parole言语（F.deSaussure）
◎Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.
◎Parole----therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
◎Saussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.
5）Competenceandperformance（Chomsky）
◎Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage
◎Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication
◎Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
6）Traditionalgrammarvsmodernlinguistics
◎Traditionalgrammar----prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframework
◎Modernlinguistics-----descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedframework
●ExercisesforChapter1
1.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly_________.
A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC.subjectiveD.Latin-based
2.Alinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguageuseas________.
A.abnormalB.somethingtobefeared
D.unnatural
3.Ofthe“words”listedbelow,_____isnotanEnglishword.A.[spin] B.[lkbi] C.[strikt] D.[desk]
4.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentatsomepointintimeisgenerallytermedas___________linguistics.
A.comparative比较的 B.applied
C.synchronic D.diachronic
5.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary
A.bang B.photo C.typewriter
升级会员 