北欧社会福利制度.docx

北欧社会福利制度.docx

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北欧社会福利制度

北欧社会福利制度

北欧社会福利制度Fromthecradletothegrave

Thankstoademonstrablysuccessfulblendofmarketeconomy,democracy,voluntaryorganizationsandactivegovernmentpolicies.IntheNordiccountries,theStateisinvolvedinfinancingandorganizingthewelfarebenefitsavailabletothecitizenstoagreaterextentthaninmostotherEuropeancountries.Thesystemisuniversal,coveringeveryone.Thegovernmentevenhasaconstitutionaldutytoensureallcitizenscanhaveahomeandenoughtoeat.

内容

TherearethreemajorpillarsofthemodernNordicwelfarestate:

socialsecurity,healthcareandfreeeducation.Healthcareandsocialsecurityensureahighminimumlivingstandardforallcitizensregardlessoftheireconomicsituation.Thefreeeducationmaximizesthesocialmobility,andstrivestomakeitpossibleforeveryonetobetterthemselves,withoutrelyingoneconomicsupportfromtheirfamilies.

Thebenefitsgivenaregenerousandevenlydistributed.Incombinationwiththetaxationsystem,thewealthredistributionisgreater.TheNordiccountrieshavestrongeconomies,ahighstandardofliving,lowcrimeratesandaredemocracies.

所有公民享受医疗保险待遇，国家对药品实行补贴，病人每次购药超过50马克只需付费50%，重病和长期患者购药只需付费25%或享受全额补贴。

北欧国家社会福利制度共通点

社会福利支出站国民收入的30%左右.在这些国家，社会福利项目广泛，而且普及到几乎所有的国民。

它们把社会全体公民，特别是老年人的基本生活保障作为公民的权利，实行一种“从摇篮到坟墓”的福利制度，并对各项社会福利制度进行立法保护；孩子出生后，父母亲可请有薪产假，且在每个孩子满16周岁之前，父母均可获得生活津贴。

在医疗方面，全民公费，医疗费用和经医生之手的药品开支，均由国家负担，无论城乡，不分人群，一律平等,从业者在患病期间还可领取病假补贴。

在教育方面，从小学到中学到大学，全部免费，并每天享用一顿免费的餐点，大学生还可领学习津贴；在劳资关系上，公民每周法定工作时数为40小时，每一位劳工均可获得每年最少五周的有薪假期。

而且有规范的社会失业救济金制度，不但在失业期间可领失业救济金，专门的职业介绍所将也会将失业人员的数据输入计算机，为她们提供最新就业信息和职业培训。

社会保险方面,老人的退休金及生活所需全部依靠社会养老保险，平均4个芬兰人的纳税就能支持一名退休老人的生活，退休年龄男女均为65岁，退休金随生活指数增减，因而瑞典老人的生活比较安适。

老人数量的不断增加，加重了地方福利的负担，如提供专门交通工具、家庭护理和家务服务。

监狱象宾馆一样，“囚犯的天堂”因此得名。

其余的用于政府其它各项行政开支（行政管理、商业发展、交通、国防、援助发展中国家等。

　　这么高的福利来自何处？

税收，取之于民，用之于民。

这些国家的税收率很高，个人工资的三分之一左右要交纳个人所得税。

高税收不但积累了大量的公用资金，以支持社会的高福利，同时也制约了暴富阶层的形成，越富缴税越多，使贫富差距不致过大。

因此，成为“没有人拥有太多，没有人一无所有”的福利国家的典范。

WhatisdistinctiveabouttheNordicapproachisthedominantroleofnationalgovernmentsintheformationofsocialpolicy,andthedevelopmentofanextensivepublicsectorfortheimplementationofthatpolicy.butamuchmoreprominentroleisplayedbytheprivatesector,voluntaryorganizations,andthefamilythanisgenerallythecaseinNorden.

Theroleofthestate

Nordiccountriesinparticular,tendtoexpectmoreoftheirgovernmentsthanothercountries.ThefeudalismoftheNordicregionwaslessrigid，and,Nordicsocietieswerecomparativelyequal.Theyhavealwayshadfairlysmallpopulations,withahighdegreeofculturaluniformityintermsoflanguage,religion,socialbehavior,etc.InalloftheNordiccountries,therewasaforcedmergerofchurchandstatefollowingtheReformation,whichhelpedtostrengthenandlegitimatethecentralgovernment.Thegrowingstrengthofthelabormovementandtheclass-basedstrugglesoftheindustrialeraresultedinpoliticalcompromiseswhichlaidthegroundworkfortheuniversal,equalsocialinsurancesystemsoftoday'sNordiccountries.Thenotionofa"people'sinsurance"wasalreadywell-establishedattheturnofthecentury.

TheNordicmodel

1.Agreaterdegreeofactivestateinvolvementthaninothercountries.Forexample,thestateguaranteesbasicpensionsandfreeorheavilysubsidizedhealthservicesforallresidents,althoughthedeliveryofsuchservicesisusuallyadministeredbyprovincialorlocalgovernments.

2.Byinternationalstandards,thegreatestproportionofthelaborforceemployedinthesocial,healthandeducationalsectors--roughlythirtypercent.

3.Heavyrelianceonthepublicsectorfortheprovisionofsocialandeducationalservices;roughlyninetypercentofallpersonnelinthosesectorsarepublicemployees.ThecorrespondingfiguresforotherEuropeancountriesrangefrom40-80percent;intheU.S.,thefigureis45percent.

4.Theorganizationofsocialinsurancewithinco-ordinatednationalsystemswhichhaveoverallresponsibilityforbasicpensions,sick-leavebenefits,childallowancesandhealthservices.

5.Acomparativelyhighleveloftrustbetweencitizensandgovernments.Nordicsocietiesaremore"state-friendly"thanotherEuropeansocieties.

6.Comprehensive,oruniversal,socialinsurancesystemswhichcoverentirepopulationsorsub-groups.Forexample:

everyresidentisentitledtoabasicold-agepensionuponattainingretirementage,evenintheabsenceofanyhistoryofgainfulemployment;childallowancesareallocatedtoallfamilieswithchildren,regardlessofincomelevel;allresidentsareentitledtothebestavailablemedicalservices,irrespectiveofincome,socialstatusorotherpersonalcharacteristics.ThiscontrastswithmostotherEuropeancountries,whereentitlementisconditionalonsuccessfulparticipationinthelabourmarket.

7.Anadvancedlevelofgenderequality,especiallyasaresultoflegislationsincethe1970s;essentiallyallbenefitsare"gender-neutral",inthatwomenaretreatedasindividualswithneedsandrightsoftheirown,ratherthanasmerelywivesandmothers.Nordiclabourmarketsarecharacterisedbyhighratesoffemaleemployment,nearly-equalincomesformenandwomenincomparableoccupations,andawell-developedsupportsystemforworkingmothers.

8.Socialinsurancesystemsfreeofclassoroccupationalbias.Thosewithhighincomesareincludedinthesamesystemasthosewithlowornoincomes.

9.Generaltaxationastheprincipalmeansoffinancing,whichhastheeffectofredistributingincome.AsaresultoftheNordiccountries'universal,redistributivesocialinsurancesystems,theirpovertyratesareamongthelowestintheworld.Minimumpensionsarenotespeciallyhigh,butgenerousincomparisonwiththoseofmostothercountries.

10.Agreateremphasisonprovidingservices,asopposedtodirectincometransfers,thaninotherEuropeancountries.Thoseservicesincludeanextensivenetworkofchild-carecentres,old-agehomes,andin-homeassistancefortheseverelyillandtheelderly.

11.Atraditionallystrongemphasisonfullemploymentasagoalinitself,andasaprerequisiteforgeneratingthenecessaryeconomicresourcesforthegeneralwelfarestate.

12.Strongpopularsupport.Suchissuesaschildren'swell-being,publichealth,old-agecare,etc.,areconsistentlyaccordedthehighestpriorityinopinionsurveysandduringelections.Nopoliticalpartyseekingbroadsupportcanaffordtoignorethem.

ThefactthattheNordiccountriescanbedescribedwiththeforegoinglistofdistinguishingfeaturesdoesnotmeanthattheyhavebecome"welfareparadises".Asnationseverywhere,theyareconfrontedwithavarietyofoldandnewchallenges.Butincomparisonwithotherdevelopedcountries,theyaresubjecttofarlesssevereandwidespreadlevelsofcrime,alcoholanddrugabuse,povertyandrelatedproblems.Furthermore,problemsassociatedwithsingleparenthoodandunemploymentappeartobelesssevere,duetothesupportprovidedbyNordicsocietiestothoseaffected.

Thiscomparativelyfavorablestateofaffairsisalmostcertainlyaconsequenceoftheinstitutionsandsocialpoliciesoftheregion'sstrongandefficientcentralgovernments.Inaddition,thecomparativelyegalitarianspiritoftheNordiccountries,asexpressedforexampleintheirredistributiveincomepolicies,verylikelycontributestogreatersocialcohesionandstability.

Currentchallenges

Inrecentyears,allNordicgovernmentshavesteppeduptheireffortstoencourageandassistthejoblesstofindgainfulemployment.Somemaybetemptedtointerpretthattrendasaconcessiontoneo-liberalideology.ButitisactuallyincompleteaccordwiththetraditionalNordicemphasisonthevalueofworkandfullparticipationinsociety.Politicianswhoblowtheneo-liberaltrumpettooloudlytendtoencounterresistanceinNorden.Thus,thebasicstructuresoftheNordicgeneralwelfarestateshaveremainedintact,largelyduetobroadpoliticalcompromisesandthesufficient,ifsomewhatgrudging,supportofthevotingpublic.

Atthispoint,itisimpossibletosaywhethertheminormodificationstothesocialinsurancesystemsofSwedenandFinland,andtoalesserextentofDenmark,mayprefiguresomekindoffundamentalchange.Butsofar,theinstitutionsandprogrammesoftheNordicgeneralwelfarestateshavesurvivedfairlyintact,despitetheseverechallengesofrecentyears.Itisthereforestillappropriatetospeakofthe"Nordicmodel"ofsociety.