国家概况Ireland.docx

国家概况Ireland.docx

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国家概况Ireland

Ireland

Climate:

Irelandisnotveryhotduringsummer,norverycoldinwinter,actuallyithasaquitetemperateclimate_doesnotvaryfromoneseasonthenext.

Irelandhadaquiteunspoiledlandscape,duetothecomparativepovertyofthecountry.Conflictsoftenarisebetweenthosewhoseekdevelopmentandthosewhoseektoprotecttheenvironment.

Environment

thethird-largestislandinEuropeandthetwentieth-largestislandintheworld,itliestothenorthwestofcontinentalEurope.TotheeastofIrelandisGreatBritain.

Relativelylow-lyingmountainssurroundingacentralplain,theislandhaslushvegetation,aproductofitsmildbutchangeableoceanicclimate.Thickwoodlandscoveredtheislanduntilthe17thcentury.Today,itisthemostdeforestedareainEurope.

Twenty-sixmammalspeciesarenativetoIreland,withsome,suchastheredfox,hedgehogandbadger,beingverycommon.Others,liketheIrishhare,reddeer,andpinemartenarelessso.

ThepopulationofIrelandisestimatedtobe6.5millionpeople,withjustunder

4.5millionintheRepublicofIrelandandjustunder1.8millioninNorthernIreland.Thisisasignificantincreasefromamodernhistoricallowof4.2millioninthe1960sbutstillmuchlowerthanthepeakpopulationofover8millioninthemid-19thcenturypriortotheGreatFamine.

LargepopulationsofpeopleofIrishliveinmanywesterncountries,particularlyinEnglish-speakingcountriesincludingGreatBritain,theUnitedStates,Australia,Canada,Argentina,Chile,SouthAfrica,NewZealand,Mexico,France,GermanyandBrazil.ThelargestnumberofpeopleofIrishdescentliveintheUnitedStates—abouttentimesmorethaninIrelanditselfHistorically,emigrationhasbeencausedbypolitics,

TheIrishSeaseparatingtheislandsofIrelandandGreatBritain.ItisconnectedtotheAtlanticOceaninthesouthandinthenorthbytheNorthChannel.

Theseaisofsignificanteconomicimportancetoregionaltrade,shippingandtransport,fishingandsoon.

TheIrishHillsItsnamecomesfromtheIrishimmigrantswhosettledtherefrom1830-1850.Itisrenownedthroughoutthestateforitsbeautifulscenery,especiallyinthesummer,withitsmanyhillsandlargerlakessurrounded.Asfortourism,theIrishHillsoffersomefamily-orientedlocations,includingfamily-ownedrestaurantsandbarsthatofferavarietyofdifferentfood.Populationandmigration

Accordingtothe1841census,therewere6.5millionofpopulation.Butinthelate1980stherewere3millionpopulationremainedintheIrishRepublic.Atpresent,prosperitybroughtitspopulationupto4million.Thisisasignificantincrease,butstillmuchlowerthanthepeakpopulationofover8millioninthemid-19thcenturypriortotheGreatFamine.

Thereare4.5millionpopulationatpresentintheRepublicbecauseofanincreasedprosperity.

Reasons:

GreatFaminein1845ledamassemigration

BeforeGreatFamine,2/3oftheIrishpopulationdependedonagricultureforaliving.In1845-1848,therewasasuccessiveandseriousfailureofpotatocrop,manyIrishpeoplestarvedtodeathordiedofthediseases

BritishgovernmentappearedtobeindifferenttothefateofthepoorestpeopleEmigrantsofIrishpeople（moveoutfromhisowncountry,whileimmigrantsmoveintoaforeigncountry）:

beforeFamine,emigrantswereoftentheyoungersonsoffarmerswho

wereseekingtobettertheireconomicpositioninAmericaandCanada.Thesepeoplewerenotverypoor;theyusuallyhadsomeeducationandsomemoneytostarttheirnewlife.Manyofthembecameheadsoffamilies（名门望族）orsucceedinpoliticalandeconomicallifeoftheUnitedStates.

Amongthem,therewere7USpresidents.

LaterimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesandCanadawereentirelydifferent;theyemigratedjustbecauseofFamine.

JewishimmigrantstherewereanincreaseinJewishimmigrationtoIrelandduringthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.In1871,theJewishpopulationofIrelandwas258;TheJewishpopulationofIrelandreachedaround5,500inthelate1940s,buthassince（2008）declinedtoaround2,000,mainlythroughemigrationtolargerJewishcommunitiessuchasthoseintheUnited

States,EnglandandIsrael.TheRepublicofIrelandcurrentlyhasfoursynagogues:

threeinDublin,oneinCork.

Thecivilservice

ThecabinetorganizedwithMinistersappointedbythePrimeMinisterdominatessixteenGovernmentDepartments.EachDepartmentisheadedbyaMinister.Thecivilserviceisindependentintheperformanceofitsdutiesandhasnoinvolvementinpartypolitics.

RecruitmenttothecivilserviceisbypubliccompetitiveexamsadministeredbytheindependentCivilServiceCommission

Teachersandmembersofthehealthservices,thepoliceforce,thearmyandthestaffoflocalauthoritiesbelongtothewiderpublicservice,ratherthanthecivilserviceproper.

Government

AfterindependencefromtheGreatBritain,IrelandtakesapolitymixedwithboththeBritainandtheUnitedStates.

Britainmodel:

thepresidentisprimarilyasymbolichead（besidesacertainpowerofguardingconstitution,forinstance,referaproposedlegislationtotheSupremeCourtforadecisionastowhetheritcontainsanythingrepugnanttotheConstitution,andthepowerofrefusingtodissolveparliament）.

Americamodel:

president,notqueen;checksandbalances

Irelandisarepresentativedemocracy:

mostofitsofficesarefilledthroughelection,eitherdirectorindirect,bytherepresentativesofIrishpeople.

TheGovernmentisheadedbyPresident,nottheQueen.

ThePresidentappointsthePrimeMinister,notnecessarilytheheadofthePartyinpower.

ThePrimeMinisterorganizestheCabinet

TheCabinetisorganizedby16MinistersoftheGovernmentassignedby

thePrimeMinister

Thelegislationisinterpretedbyahierarchyofcourts（法院的特权阶级）

Anunarmedpoliceforce（GuardiansofthePeace）enforcesthelaw

Thepresident

Theheadofgovernmentandelectedbydirectvoteofthepeople.Everycitizenof35yearsofageoroveriseligibletorunforpresident

Thetermofofficeissevenyears.APresidentcanbere-electedonceonly

ThePresidentactsassymbolicHeadofStateanddoesnothaveexecutivefunctions.

TheGovernment

Theexecutivebranchofthecountry,checkedbythelegislatureandthejudiciary,thatis,theparliamentandthelegalsystem.Itconsistsof7-15members,allmustbeelectedmembersoftheIrishParliament

ThePrimeMinisterisappointedbythePresidentonthenominationofthe

ParliamentandmustresignifheceasestoretainthesupportofamajorityintheParliament

ThePrimeMinisternominatesonememberofthegovernmenttobetheDeputyPrimeMinisterwho'lltakePrimeMinister'sresponsibilitywhenPrimeMinisterisabsent;nominates11senators,appointsanAttorneyGeneral（检察长、首席检察官）whoactsaslegaladvisertotheGovernmentandmayattendCabinetmeetings;assignsMinistersoftheGovernmentwhoorganizestheCabinet,eachMinisterisresponsibleforoneDepartmentgenerallyandassistedbyMinistersofState（副部长、部长助理）intheirwork（whoareappointedbytheMinisteroftheGovernmentandarenotmembersoftheGovernment）Parliament

Thelegislativebranchofthecountry,checkedbytheexecutiveandjudiciary.ItmakeslawfortheState,butthepoweroftheParliamentisreallysecondarytothatoftheGovernmentcabinetandtotheworkofthevariousParliamentCommittees/Department.

TheHouseofDail（Commons众议院）has166membersrepresentingtheregionwhichelectedthem

TheHouseofSenate（Lords参议院）has60members,theyarenotdirectlyelected.11membersarenominatedbythePrimeMinister;43membersareelectedfromfivepanelsofcandidatesunderdifferentheadings,suchasthatinagriculture;theremaining6membersareelectedfromtwouniversities

threefromtheNationalUni.ofIreland,theotherthreefromUni.ofDublin.TheLegalSystem

Thejudiciarybranchofthecountry,checkedbyitsownhierarchycourts.ThejudgesareappointedbythePresidentontheadviceofthegovernment.Theyareguaranteedindependenceineveryexerciseoftheirfunctions,notbeinfluencedintheirworkbypoliticalorpersonalpressures.

Fivedecisionmaking

EveryIrelandcitizenof35yearsofageoroveriseligibletorunforPresident.Everyresidentcitizenovertheageofeighteenyearsmayvoteatthefirstfourofthefollowing;butthelocalelectioncanonlybecarriedoutbythelocalresidents,regardlessofcitizenship;EUcitizenmayvoteatEuropeanandlocalelection,whichmeanstheEuropeanshavepartoftherightofIrelandcitizens.

Thereasonsofprosperity:

1）theconversionofgovernment'sattitude:

2）thetransformfrominward-lookingtowardstheoutward-lookingineconomy.Irelandgovernmentrealized

3）theprotectionismofagriculturaleconomyforbidIrishproductsfromamoreopenmarketandforcedthemoutwithcheaperimports,theresultwashighpricesathome.

4）2）IrelandgotridofthecontrollingofBritainandwenttoamoreopenmarketineconomy.ItsentrancetotheEUhastransformedlabourpracticeandgivenIrelandaccesstotheSingleMarket（欧盟统一市场）

5）2.apopulationboom:

6）Asiswell-known,therehadbeen6.5millionpopulationbefore1841,butinthelate1980stherewere3millionpopulationonly,almostahalfemigratedjustbecauseofpoverty（whatthepeopleateinthebellyandtheyhadontheback）.Thereare4.5millionpopulationatpresentintheRepublicbecauseofanincreasedprosperity.

7）3.areformofeducation:

8）Youngpeoplewerebettereducatedandmoreawareoftheirgoaloflife,theychosetoremainandtakeupemployment.Theirattitudebroughtaradicalchange.

9）4.beingmemberofEuropeanMarketin1971

10）bene