英语国家社会与文化学习重点.docx
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英语国家社会与文化学习重点
Keypoints:
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
Unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomI
I.Nameandconstituents
1.Fullname
2.Constituents
II.Effectsofitsimperialpast
1.Establishmentofthecommonwealth
2.Amultiracialnation
III.Differencesinsociety
1.Racedifference
2.Classdifference
3.Regiondifference
IV.IntroductiontoEngland
1.Physicalfeatures
2.Historyofinvasions
V.IntroductiontoScotland
1.Physicalfeatures
2.History
3.RetainingstrongScottishidentity
VI.IntroductiontoWales
1.Physicalfeatures
2.AhistoryfeaturescampaighsforindependenceofUK
Unit2ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomII
I.FeaturesofNorthernIreland
1.Population
2.Geographicalfeatures
3.Capital
4.OftenCalled“Ulster”
5.Socialorder
6.Economy
II.PursuitsofIrishindependence
1.Background
2.HomeRuleBill
3.TheEasterRisingof1916
4.ImportantFigures
5.Result
III.ConflictswithinNorthernIreland
1.Reasons
2.Thetroubles
3.Attemptstodissolveconflicts
Unit3TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom
I.Monarchyinhistory
1.Origin
2.DivinerightoftheKing
3.Oneshortoustedperiod
4.MagnaCarta
II.ThehistoryofParliament
1.Origin
2.History
3.Acquisitionofpower
III.ThebirthofthePrimeMinisterandCabinet
1.BirthofCabinet
2.BirthofPrimeMinister
IV.TheBritishgovernmentandConstitution
1.Governmentsystem
2.TheConstitution
V.ParliamentToday
1.Functions
2.Status
3.Institutions
Unit4Politics,ClassandRace
I.Generalelections
1.Whyaretheyimportant?
2.Whendoelectionsoccur?
3.WhocanstandforelectionasanMP?
4.Whathappensinanelection?
5.Formationofgovernment
II.ThepoliticalParties
1.TheLabourparty
2.TheConservativeParty
3.TheLiberalDemocrats
III.Class
1.Class-divisions
2.Culturaldifferences
3.AdistinctivefeaturesofBritishclass-system
IV.Race
1.Amultiracialnation
2.Influencesofimmigration
Unit5TheUKEconomy
I.EventsinHistory
1.Dominantinthe1880s
2.Overtakenin1900
3.Declincesince1945
4.Privatizationinthe1980s
II.ThecurrentUKeconomy
1.Primaryindustry
2.Secondaryindustries
3.Tertiaryindustries
III.Casestudy:
theaerospaceindustry
1.Status
2.Majorachievements
3.Recentchanges
Unit6BritishLiterature
I.EarlyWriting
1.Theme
2.Beowulf
3.CanterburyTales
4.ThelegendofKingArthur
II.The15thand16thcenturies
1.ElizabethanDrama
2.ChristopherMarlowe
3.WilliamShakespeare
III.The17thcentury
1.KingJamesBible
2.FrancisBacon
3.JohnMilton
IV.The18thcentury
1.Features
2.JohnathanSwift
3.RobertBurns
4.DanielDefoe
V.The19thcentury
1.Romanticism
2.Poetry
3.Novel
VI.The20thcentury
1.Modernism
2.Postmodernism
3.JosephConrad
4.VirginiaWoolf
5.D.H.Lawrence
6.E.M.Foster
Unit7EnglishEducationSystem
I.PurposeofEducation
1.Toteach“thethreeR’s”
2.Tosocializechildren
II.Therelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass
1.InequalityinBritisheducation
2.GoodEducationGuaranteesacareer
III.TheinfluenceoftheChurchonschooling
1.Inthepast
2.Atpresent
3.Changes
IV.MajorchangestoBritisheducationsystem
1.Involvementofgovernment
2.The1994EducationAct
3.Introductionofcomprehensiveschools
4.“TheGreatEducationDebate”
5.NationalCurriculumin1989
V.Thepresenteducationsystem
1.EducationintheUKiscompulsory
2.Statesectorandprivatesectorschools
3.Schoolingstagesandexams
VI.Highereducation
1.Fund
2.FoundingTime
3.Openuniversity
4.Degreetitles
Unit8BritishForeignRelations
I.Britainthenandnow
1.TheendofBritishEmpire
2.Britaintoday
II.ThefoundationsofBritain’sForeignPolicy
1.Imperialhistory
2.Geopliticaltraits
III.Howforeignpolicyismade?
1.ThePrimeMinisterandCabinet
2.TheForeignandCommonwealthOffice（FCO）
3.TheMinistryofDefense
4.TheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry
5.Thetreasury
6.Electorate
7.Foreignrelations
IV.Britainandinternationalinstitutions
1.AmemberofUNSecurityCouncil（UNSE）
2.AmemberofEuropeanUnion（EU）
3.AmemberofCommonwealth
V.BritainandtheUnitedStates
1.SpecialRelationship
2.Upsanddowns
VI.Britainsecurityanddefense
1.Britain’sdefensepower
2.Britain’sdefensepolicy
Unit9TheBritishMedia
I.Popularity
1.TV
2.Newspapers
3.Radio
II.Functions
III.Newspapers
1.Longhistory
2.Theroleofnewspapers
3.Freedomofpress
4.Nationalpapers
IV.Thebroadcastmedia（TVandRadio）
1.WhyisTVpopular?
2.BritishIVculture
3.TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation（BBC）
Unit10Sports,HolidaysandFestivalsinBritain
I.Sports
1.Football
2.Tennis
3.Cricket
4.Golf
5.Horsysports
II.Religiousholidays
1.Christmas
2.Easter
3.Ramadan
III.Nationalholidays
1.TheQueen’sbirthday
IV.HolidaysinEngland
1.BonfireNight（GuyFawkesNight）
V.HolidaysinNorthernIreland
1.TheOrangeMarch
2.StPatrick’sDay
VI.HolidaysinScotland
1.Hogmanay
2.TheBurnsNight
3.Halloween
VII.HolidaysinWales
VIII.1.Eistenddfod
Ireland
Unit11Land,PeopleandHistory
I.TheislandofIreland
1.Location
2.Constituents
II.Geography
1.Land
2.Climate
3.Environment
III.Population
1.Features
2.TheGreatFamine
3.Emigrations
IV.History
1.TheCelts
2.ThecomingofChristianity
3.Vikinginvasion
4.Englishinvasion
5.Irishindependence
Unit12PoliticsandEconomy
I.Politicalsystem
1.Arepresentativedemocracy
2.ARepublic
II.StructureofIrishgovernment
1.President
2.TheGovernment
3.Parliament
III.Theelectoralsystem
1.Votinginelectionsandreferenda
2.Electorate
3.Proportionalrepresentation
IV.TheCivilservice
1.Neutrality
2.Structure
3.Selection
V.TheIrishlegalsystem
1.ThehierarchyoftheIrishlegalsystem
2.Judges
3.Checkandbalance
VI.TransformationofIrisheconomy
1.Inthepast
2.Atpresent
3.Reasons
VII.Ireland’saccessiontotheEU
1.Economicbenefits
2.Socialchanges
VIII.Irelandtoday
1.Home-ownership
2.Transportation
3.Livingstandards
Unit13IrishCulture:
HowtheIrishLiveNow
I.Rapidsocialchange
1.Abolitionofprimogeniture
2.Changeofwomen’slifestyle
3.Dislocationsofsocialwealth
II.DifferncesbetweenIrelandandEnglish
1.Religion
2.Language
3.Economy
4.Openness
III.AttitudestowardsEnglish
1.Ambivalence
2.StereotypesfromtheEnglish
IV.TheRomanCatholicChurch
1.TheRomanCatholicvalues
2.ThepowerofRomanCatholicChurch
3.Loseofpower
4.ThedifferencebetweenCatholicsandProtestants
V.TheFamily
1.Changesinfamilylife
2.Reasonforthechanges
3.Objectivesofwomen’smovement
VI.Pubculture
1.Whatisa“pub”?
2.NegativeEffect
VII.Workculture
1.Workpractices
2.TradeUnions
VIII.Education
1.First-levelschools
2.Second-levelschools
3.Vocationalschools
4.Third-leveleducation
Unit14IrishCulture:
Language,LiteratureandArts
I.Language
1.Irishunderpoliticalunrests
2.Hiberno-English
II.Oralculture
1.Features
2.Origin
3.Positiveeffects
III.Literature
1.ThefirstIrishpoem
2.NobelPrizewinnersforLiterature
3.Otherimportantfigures
IV.MusicandDance
1.TheIrishpipe
2.Riverdance
3.Irishharp
V.Sportsculture
1.Soccer（football）
2.Rugbyfootball
3.Cricketandtennis
4.Hurling
5.Golf
6.Horse-racing
VI.ScienceandTechnology
1.Distinguishedfigures
2.Importantsocieties
VII.TheIrishidentityintheworld
1.TheIrishdiaspora
2.Attitudestowardsothercountries
Australia
Unit15TheLandandthePeopleoftheDreaming
I.NaturalofFeaturesoftheland
1.Location
2.Size
3.Constituents
4.Distinctivefauna
5.Landscape
6.Distinctivephysicalfeatures
II.Thepeople
1.Theindigenouspeople
2.Thelatersettlers
III.DreamtimeandDreaming
1.Whatis“Dreamtime”?
2.Whatis“theDreaming”?
IV.Britishcolonization
1.TerraNullius
2.Exploitationoftheland
3.Theimpactofcolonization
4.Thepoliciesofsegregationandexclusion
5.ThepolicyofAssimilation
Unit16AustraliaCultureLife
I.Protestantism
1.Status
2.Values
3.ProtestantismandCapitalism
II.Anglicanism
1.Status
2.Decline
III.Catholicism
1.Status
2.Reasonsforitsdominance
3.Socialroles
IV.Religionandrapidsocialchange
1.Aconsumeristsociety
2.Fundamentalism
3.Secularism
V.Non-Christianreligions
1.Buddhism
2.Islam
3.Hinduism
4.Judaism
VI.Sport-anAustraliareligion
1.Variants
2.Sportfigures
Unit17WorkandFamilyLife
I.Australiaasapenalcolony
1.Establishmentofcolonies
2.Convictcolonies
3.“Free”colonies
II.Formsoffamilies
1.Formationofnewfamilies
2.Convictpartnerships
3.Currencychildren
4.“Free”families
III.Workinthepenalcolony
1.Convictlabour
2.Emancipists
3.Importantfigures
IV.FromConvictTransportationto“Free”Migration
1.Suspensionofconvicttransportation
2.“Free”Migration
3.Government-assistedmigration
Unit18AustraliaasaLiberalDemocraticSociety
I.Centralvalueofthecountry
II.Politicalsystem
1.TheWashminsterformofpolity
2.Three-tiersystemofgovernment
3.Twohousesofthefederalparliament
4.TheGovernor-General
5.ThePrimeMinister
6.Thepluralistformofgovernment
III.Economyandpolitics
1.WhatisAustralia’seconomylike?
2.Governmentinvolovement
3.Dismantlingofgovernmentinvolvement
IV.Threepoliticaleconomicprogrammes
1.Conceptoftheprogrammes
2.ShiftoffocusinAustralia
Unit19AustraliaintheWorldToday
Unit20FromRacismtoMulticulturalism
I.Immigrationinhistory
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