欧洲文化入门总复习题.docx

欧洲文化入门总复习题.docx

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欧洲文化入门总复习题

欧洲文化入门复习题（2、3章）

一：

选择（51’）

1:

Hebrew---Israelite---JewJew---Jewish---JudaismJudaism---Christianity

2:

Pentateuch（摩西五经）：

Genesis（创世纪）、Exodus（出埃及记）、Leviticus（利未记）、Numbers（民数计）、Deuteronomy（申命记）

3：

Thefallofman:

AdamandEve、theGardenofEden

4:

Noah’sArk

5:

Moses（afamousHebrewleader）、Exodus、40years、themountainousSinai、TenCommandments

6:

WhileinBabyloninthe6thcentury.,theHebrews,nowknownasJews,formedsynagogues（大会堂）topractisetheirreligion.

7:

如今有多少犹太人15million

8:

Jesus出生地：

那瑟勒死亡地：

耶路撒冷郊外髑髅地·各各地

Baptism:

30years、Johnbaptist

9:

Diocletiandestroyed、ConstantineandtheEdictofMilanin133、Theodosiusofficial

10:

thenewtestament（新约）：

thebirth、teaching、death（TheCrucifixion耶稣被钉十字架）、resurrectionofJesus

11：

现代英语两大宝库：

theEnglishBibleandShakespeare

12:

228years

13:

theCodeofChivalry：

toprotecttheweek,tofightforchurch,tobeloyaltohislord,torespectwomenofnoblebirth.

14:

halfcivilizedGermanictribes:

Visigoths,theFranks,theAngleandSaxons,theVandals

15:

Feudalism（封建主义）theManor（庄园）serfs（农奴）CharlesMartelin732.

16:

After1054,theRomanCatholicchurchandEasternOrthodoxchurch

17:

threegroupsinfeudalism:

clergy（牧师最高）lordspeasants（农民最低）

18：

thecrusades（十字军）8times200years

By1291,themoslemshadtakenoverthelastChristainstronghold.

19:

EmperoroftheRomans（神圣罗马皇帝）:

Charlemagne（查理曼大帝）

20:

AlfredtheGreat（Anglo-Saxdon）contributedtomedievalEuropeanculture

21:

realscientificprogressbeganinthe12thand13thcenturies.

Rogerbacon（amonk）isanadvocateofscientificresearch.Opusmaius,andencyclopedia（自然哲学总则）

22:

NationalEpics:

Beowulf（Anglo-saxon/英国）SongofRoland（French/法国）

荷马史诗代表作Iliad（伊利亚特）和Odysse（奥德赛）

GeoffreyChaucer（杰弗里乔叟）andtheCanterburytales（坎特伯雷故事）

23：

Romanesque（罗马建筑）Gothic（哥特式建筑）：

stainedglasswindowsaretheHolyScriptures

24:

哲学三杰（苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德）顺序不能打乱

二：

简答（6道）

1:

TwoMajorElementsinEuropeanCulture

Europeancultureismadeupofmanyelements,whichhavegonethroughchangesoverthecenturies.Twooftheseelementsareconsideredtobemoreenduringandtheyare:

theGreco-Romanelement,andtheJudeo-Christianelement.

However,therehasbeenacomplexinterplaybetweenthetwo,whichaddstotherichnessoftheculture.

2:

WhyshouldChinesestudentsofEnglishbotheraboutEuropeanculture

Well,EnglishcultureisapartofEuropeancultureandlanguagecannotbelearnedwithoutsomeknowledgeofthecultureBehindit.

Further,Europeancultureitselfisapartofworldculture.Someknowledgeofitisnecessarytousascitizensoftheworld,particularlywhenourcountryisgoingaheadwithmodernizationandtakinganactivepartinworldaffairs.

3：

TenCommandments（摩西十诫）

1）Youshallhavenoothergodsbeforeme.

除了我以外，你不可有别的神。

2）Youshallnotmakeforyourselfanidol.不可为自己雕刻偶像。

4）Observethesabbathdayandkeepitholy.守安息日为圣日。

5）Honoryourfatherandmother.孝敬父母。

6）Youshallnotmurder.不可杀人。

7）Neithershallyoucommitadultery.不可奸淫。

8）Neithershallyousteal.不可偷盗。

9.）Neithershallyoubearfalsewitnessagainstyourneighbor.

不可作假见证陷害人。

4:

为什么基督教是西方最大的宗教

Amongallthereligionsbywhichpeopleseektoworship,ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.Everyphaseofman’slifeistouchedbythisreligion,somuchsothatithasbecomepartandparcelofWesternculture.

5:

WhyareJudaismandChristianitycloselyrelated

Infact,itwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity.BothoriginatedinPalestine--thehubofmigrationandtraderoutes,whichledtoexchangeofideasoverwideareas.

6:

为什么叫中世纪

7:

为什么叫darkages

8:

为什么叫theageoffaith

9:

whycouldthe“ChristianChurch”becometheonlycentralofpower.

10:

theCodeofChivalry（骑士公约）：

toprotecttheweek,tofightforchurch,tobeloyaltohislord,torespectwomenofnoblebirth.

三：

论述（5道）

1:

WhatwastheHebrew’smajorcontributiontoworldcivilization

About1300.,theHebrewscametosettleinPalestine,knownasCanaanatthattime,andformedsmallkingdoms.Theirhistorywashandeddownorallyfromonegenerationtoanotherintheformoffolktalesandstories,whichwererecordedlaterintheOldTestament,whichstilllatebecamethefirstpartofthechristianBible.ThoughaminortribeinancientMiddleEastwithasmallpopulation,theHebrewsmadeoneofthegreatestcontributiontothewordcivilization.

2:

WhydowesaytheBiblehasshapedWesternculturemoredecisivelythananythingelseeverwritten

TheBibleisthemostpopularbookinthecultureofmankind.Itistheessentialofwesterncivilization,havingshapedthewesterncivilizationmoredecisivelythananythingelseeverwritten.

3:

WhathappenedinWesternEuropeafterthedeclineoftheRomanEmpire

（1）In476.aGermanicgeneralkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.AgreatmanyGermanickingdomsbegantogrowintothenationsknownasEngland,France,Spain,Italy,andGermany.

（2）Betweenthe5thto11thcenturies,WesternEuropewasthesceneoffrequentwarsandinvasions.Thepoliticalunityhadgivenwaytowidespreaddestructionandconfusion.Hungeranddiseasekilledmanylives;townsandvillagesfellintoruinandgreatareasoflandlaywaste.（3）Duringthemedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.InthelateMiddleAges,Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyear.

4:

WhatmadeItalythebirthplaceoftheRenaissance

（1）RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.FormItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.

（2）Becauseofitsgeographicalposition,foreigntradedevelopedearlyinItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandgaverisetourbaneconomyandhelpedItalytoaccumulatewealthwhichwasanessentialfactorforthefloweringofartandliterature.（3）Fortwocenturiesbeginningfromthelate15thcentury,Florencewasthegoldencitywhichgavebirthtoawholegenerationofpoet,scholars,artistsandsculptors.TherewasinFlorencearevivalofinterestinclassicallearningandrisingofhumanistideas.

5:

WhatisthesignificanceoftheReformationinEuropeancivilization

ThesignificanceoftheReformationinEuropeancivilizationisprofound.

（1）BeforeReformation.ItwasundertheabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurchandtheHolyRomanEmpire.Economically,peasantsalloverEuropehadtopayagoodamountoftheirgainstothePope.TheReformationbroughtchangestoallthese.

（2）Ineducationalandculturalmatters,themonopolyoftheChurchwasbroken.（3）Inreligion,ProtestantismbroughtintodifferentformsofChristianitytochallengetheabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurch.（4）Inlanguage,thedominantpositionofLatinhadtogivewaytothenationallanguagesasaruleofvarioustranslationsoftheBibleintothevernacular.（5）Inspirit,absoluteobediencebecameout-modedandthespiritofquest,debate,wasusheredoftheRomanCatholicChurchandEuropewastotakeanewcourseofdevelopment,ascientificrevolutionwastobeunderwayand,capitalismwastosetinwithitsdynamiceconomicprinciples.

6:

WhatisthemeritwhichCharlemagneandAlfredtheGreatshare

（1）Charlemagnewascrowned“EmperoroftheRomans”bythePopein800,andAlfredtheGreatwastheruleroftheAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessex.BothofthemcontributiongreatlytothemedievalEuropeanculture.

（2）CharlemagneandAlfredtheGreatallencouragelearning.Forexample,Charlemagnesetupmonasteryschools,gavesupporttoscholarsandsetscribestoworkcopyingvariousancientbooks.AlfredworriedaboutthedisappearanceandmadeWessextheAnglo-Saxonculturalcentrebyintroducingteachersandschools,foundingnewmonasteries,andpromotingtranslationsintothevernacularfromLatinworks.