高考英语二轮复习与增分策略 专题一 阅读理解 第三节 题组练习 2 科普知识.docx

高考英语二轮复习与增分策略 专题一 阅读理解 第三节 题组练习 2 科普知识.docx

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高考英语二轮复习与增分策略专题一阅读理解第三节题组练习2科普知识

科普知识

A

（2017·甘肃甘谷二中一模）

Areyouanoptimist？

Doyoulookatyourglassandseeitashalffull？

Doyoubelievethateverycloudhasasilverliningandthatthingsgenerallyturnoutforthebest？

Doyoubelievethatifsomethingismeanttobe，itwillbe？

Ifyoureply“yes”toallofthesequestions，thenyouareanoptimist.Youprobablyareenthusiastic，cheerfulandoutgoing.Youmaybesuccessfulatworkandinlove.

Butyoumaybemisguidedbecausethingsdon’tturnoutforthebest.Youmaybelievethatwhenonedoorclosesanotheroneopens（forexample，youmayfailtoobtainanewjob;anotherchancewillcomearoundsoon）．Wrong.Whenonedoorcloses，anotherdoorslams（砰然关上）inyourface.That’sbitterreality.

Nowabookhasbeenpublishedwhichconfirmswhatpessimists（悲观者）havesuspectedallalong.It’scalledThePositivePowerofDefensivePessimism.Itsauthorarguesthatdefensivepessimismcanleadtopositiveresults.Defensivepessimismisastrategyusedtomanagefear，anxietyandworry.Defensivepessimistsprepareforthethingsbysettinglowoutcomesforthemselves.Theycarefullyconsidereverythingthatmaygowrongandplanforwaystohandletheseproblems.Andthisgivesthemasenseofcontrol.LawrenceSanno，apsychologyprofessor，says，“What’sinterestingaboutdefensivepessimistsisthattheytendtobeverysuccessfulpeople，sotheirlowopinionofthesituation’soutcomesisnotrealistic.Theyuseittomotivatethemselvestoperformbetter.”

Sofar，sogood.Thisisnotrocketscience.Defensivepessimistspreparecarefullyandconsiderwhatmightgowrong，whetheratwork，ondateoreveninasportsgame.Itmakessensetohaveaback-upplan.TherearemanysayingsinEnglishurgingcaution.Forexample，“Don’tputallyoureggsinonebasket.”And“Don’tcountyourchickensuntiltheyhatch.”Tohaveaconfidentandoptimisticapproachtolife’sproblemsisgood.ButlistentowhatWoodyAlien，theAmericancomediansays，“Confidenceiswhatyouhavebeforeyouunderstandtheproblem.”

Thereareprosandconstobeinganoptimistandapessimist.Don’tfeelbadifyouseetheglasshalfempty.Youarearealist.Butlightenupandhookupwithsomeonewhoseesthesameglasshalffull.

语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，说明了防御性悲观的积极力量，防御性悲观主义是一种管理恐惧、焦虑和担心的策略。

防御性悲观者为自己设定较低的结果，他们仔细考虑可能出现的问题并计划处理这些问题的办法，这给了他们一种控制感。

1．What’sthepassagemainlyabout?

A．Abookthathasrecentlybeenpublished.

B．Howtobecomesuccessfulinlife.

C．Thedangersofbeingtoooptimistic.

D．Thebenefitsofdefensivepessimism.

答案　D

解析　主旨大意题。

文章在第一段提出了人乐观一点会更好，接着主要讨论了要做一个防御性悲观者，因为这样的悲观者才会对以后的事情做好充分的准备，会有详细的计划和安排。

那样才能有更好的结果。

故D正确。

2．TheunderlinedsentenceinPara.4means.

A．it’snotadangerousthingtodo

B．itisquitesimpletounderstand

C．thecostisnotsohigh

D．thereisnorealproof

答案　B

解析　句意理解题。

谚语“Thisisnotrocketscience.”中的rocketscience指困难的事情，难以理解的事情。

本句话的意思就是指这很好理解。

故B正确。

3．WhichofthefollowingEnglishexpressionswouldadefensivepessimistbelieve?

A．Don’tputallyoureggsinonebasket.

B．Theglassishalffullnothalfempty.

C．Whateverwillbe，willbe.

D．Everycloudhasasilverlining.

答案　A

解析　细节理解题。

根据文章第四段中的“TherearemanysayingsinEnglishurgingcaution.Forexample，‘Don’tputallyoureggsinonebasket.’”可知该谚语表示做事要谨慎，与防御性悲观者观点一致，故A项符合。

4．Thewriterwouldprobablydescribehimselfas.

A．anoptimistB．adefeatist

C．arealistD．ascientist

答案　C

解析　推理判断题。

根据第二段中的“当上帝关上一扇门的时候，他会为你打开另外一扇门。

但是实际上并不是总是如此。

”再接合最后一段内容可知作者是个现实主义者。

故C正确。

B

（2017·吉林长春外国语学校期中）

Showerscanberelaxing.Youcanhumasong，daydreamorthinkaboutnothing，leavingtherealworldbehindyou.Butdidyouknowthatshoweringcanalsobenefityourmind?

AresearchbyScottBarryKaufman，apsychologistfromYaleUniversityintheUSinterviewedover3,000peoplearoundtheworld.Itturnedoutthatnearlytwo-thirdsoftheintervieweessaidtheyhadexperiencednewideasintheshowerandweremorelikelytohavethemintheshowerthanatwork.Sowhydoesasimpleshowerhavesuchmagicpower？

Sciencecanexplainit.

Showeringcanhelptoraiseourlevelofdopamine，ahormone（荷尔蒙）closelyrelatedtoourcreativity.“Peoplevaryintermsoftheirlevelofcreativityaccordingtotheactivityofdopamine，”explainedAliceFlaherty，afamousAmericanneuroscientist.“Takingawarmshowercanmakeusfeelrelaxedandthereforemakethedopaminelevelriseandbring‘Aha！

’momenttous.”

Besidesthechemicalchanges，showeringmaygiveyouabreakfromwhatyoufeelyouhavebeenstuckwith.Especiallywhenyouhavethoughthardalldayaboutaproblem，jumpingintotheshowercankeepyoufromtheoutsideworldsothatyoucanfocusonyourinnerfeelingsandmemories.Inthisway，accordingtoAmericanpsychologistShelleyH．Carson，authorofYourCreativeBrain，“ashoweringhourmayturnintoan‘incubation（孵化）period’foryourideas.”

Showeringallowsustoenjoythecreativejuicesofourminds，butitneedn’tjustbethebathroomwhereyougetyourinspiration.Forinstance，GertrudeStein，afemaleAmericanwriterandpoet，gotnewideasbydrivingaroundafarmandstoppingatdifferentcowsuntilshefoundtheonethatmostinspiredher.Sotrytocreateyourownwaytofreeyourmind，whetherit’sawalkneartheocean，acountrydriveorreadingabookathome.

语篇解读　一项科学实验证实了淋浴不仅能让我们感到放松，还能激发大脑的创造力。

5．Accordingtothearticle，whatchangescanshoweringcause?

A．Bringingtheterriblemomenttous.

B．Increasingthelevelofdopamine.

C．Leadingtoboredomortiredness.

D．Settingtheconservativepartofthebrainfree.

答案　B

解析　细节理解题。

根据第三段中的“Showeringcanhelptoraiseourlevelofdopamine...”可知，淋浴能增加人体内多巴胺的水平。

故选B。

6．Ifonehasfocusedonsomethingallday，showeringcanhelp.

A．turnone’sattentioninwards

B．drawone’sattentiontotheoutsideworld

C．onemakeanimportantbreakthrough

D．manychemicalchangestotakeplace

答案　A

解析　细节理解题。

根据第四段第二句“Especiallywhenyouhavethoughthardalldayaboutaproblem，jumpingintotheshowercankeepyoufromtheoutsideworldsothatyoucanfocusonyourinnerfeelingsandmemories.”可知，A项正确。

7．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardstheopinionthatshoweringcanleadtocreativity?

A．Positive.B．Negative.

C．Neutral.D．Notmentioned.

答案　A

解析　观点态度题。

根据最后一段中的“Showeringallowsustoenjoythecreativejuicesofourminds...”可判断出，作者认为淋浴能激发我们的创造力，即作者对“淋浴能激发人的创造力”这一观点持积极态度。

故选A。

8．TheexampleofGertrudeSteininthelastparagraphisusedto.

A．encouragereaderstofindtheirownwaysofgettinginspiration

B．pointouttoreadersthatit’shardtofindinspiration

C．explainhowtolinkinspirationwithreaders’dailylives

D．showthatcreativityoftencomesfromstrangeplaces

答案　A

解析　推理判断题。

最后一段开头作者指出淋浴能激发我们的创造力，但是并不一定非得在浴室淋浴获得灵感，后面就以GertrudeStein为例讲述其他方法也能激发我们的灵感。

由此可判断出，作者以GertrudeStein为例是为了鼓励读者找到自己的获取灵感的方法。

故选A。

C

（2017·第三次全国大联考）

Feedingknowledgedirectlyintoyourbrain，justlikeinsci-ficlassicTheMatrix（《黑客帝国》），couldsoontakeasmucheffortasfallingasleep，scientistsbelieve.

Researchersclaimtohavedevelopedasimulatorwhichcanfeedinformationdirectlyintoaperson’sbrainandteachthemnewskillsinashorteramountoftime，comparingitto“lifeimitatingart”．

ResearchersfromHRLLaboratories，basedinCalifornia，saytheyhavefoundawaytoamplifylearning，onlyonamuchsmallerscalethanseenintheHollywoodfilm.

Theystudiedtheelectricsignalsinthebrainofatrainedpilotandthenfedthedataintonovice（初学者）subjectsastheylearnedtopilotanairplaneinarealisticflightsimulator.

Thestudy，publishedinthejournalFrontiersinHumanNeuroscience，foundthatsubjectswhoreceivedbrainstimulationviaelectrode-embeddedheadcapsimprovedtheirpilotingabilitiesandlearntthetask33percentbetterthanaplacebogroup.

“Oursystemisoneofthefirstofitskind.It’sabrainstimulationsystem，”explainedDrMatthewPhillips.“Itsoundskindofsci-fi，butthere’slargescientificbasisforthedevelopmentofoursystem.Thespecifictaskwewerelookingatwaspilotinganaircraft，whichrequiresacombinationofbothcognitiveandmotorperformance.Whenyoulearnsomething，yourbrainphysicallychanges.Connectionsaremadeandstrengthenedinaprocesscalledneuro-plasticity.Itturnsoutthatcertainfunctionsofthebrain，likespeechandmemory，arelocatedinveryspecificregionsofthebrain，aboutthesizeofyourpinky.”

DrMatthewbelievesthatbrainstimulationcouldeventuallybeimplementedfortaskslikelearningtodrive，exampreparationandlanguagelearning.

“Whatoursystemdoesisitactuallytargetsthosechangestospecificregionsofthebrainasyoulearn，”headded.“Themethoditselfisactuallyquiteold.Infact，theancientEgyptians4,000yearsagousedelectricfishtostimulateandreducepain.EvenBenFranklinappliedcurrentstohishead，buttherigorous，scientificinvestigationofthesemethodsstartedintheearly2000sandwe’rebuildingonthatresearchtotargetandpersonalizeastimulationinthemosteffectivewaypossible.Whatwefoundisbrainstimulationseemstobeparticularlyeffectiveatactuallyimprovinglearning.”

语篇解读　美国休斯研究实验室的研究人员已经研发出一种帮助人脑快速学习的系统，他们声称该系统能够直接将新技能和新知识上传到你的大脑。

9．Whatcanweknowabout“lifeimitatingart”？

A．Knowledgecanbedirectlyputintoourbrain.

B．Thereisnoneedforpeopletolearnnewknowledge.

C．Asimulatorcanhelppeopleacquirewhattheywant.

D．It’sjustakindofartthathasn’tbeenexplainedyet.

答案　C

解析　细节理解题。

根据文章第二段的内容可知“lifeimitatingart”是借助一种模拟器在短时间内教会人类新技能的方法。

故选C。

10．WhichofthefollowingaboutthesystemstudiedisFALSEaccordingtoDrMatthew?

A．It’snothingbutasystemrelatedtobrainstimulation.

B．It’sbasedonenoughscientificfoundation.

C．Itexpectstobefullyusedinallwalksoflife.

D．Itfocusesonthechangestocertainregionsofbrain.

答案　C

解析　推理判断题。

根据倒数第