丁往道英语写作 Chapter 1.docx

丁往道英语写作 Chapter 1.docx

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丁往道英语写作Chapter1

CONTENTS

Chapter1ManuscriptFormandPunctuation

1ManuscriptForm

1.Arrangement

2.WordDivision

3.Capitalization

4.Handwriting

2Punctuation

1.TheComma（,）

2.ThePeriod（.）

3.TheSemicolon（;）

4.TheColon（:

）

5.TheQuestionMark（?

）

6.TheExclamationMark（!

）

7.QuotationMarks（“…..”）

8.Parentheses/Brackets《》

9.SquareBrackets（[...]）

10.TheDash（-）

11.TheSlash（/）

12.UnderliningandItalics

KeysforReference15

Chapter2UsingProperWords

1TypesofWords17

2ChoiceofWords19

3Synonyms20

4SomeGoodDictionaries21

KeysforReference34

Chapter3MakingCorrectandEffectiveSentences

1CorrectSentences43

1.CompletenessinStructure43

2.TheRightSubject45

3.AgreementBetweentheSubjectandthePredicateVerb

4.AgreementBetweenPronounandAntecedent49

5.ClearPronounReference50

6.EndingSentenceswithFullStops52

7.JoiningClauseswithConjunctions52

8.AMainClauseinaComplexSentence53

9.ProperUseofComparisons54

10.CorrectUseoftheTenses55

2CoordinationandSubordination57

3EffectiveSentences60

1.Unity61

2.Coherence62

3.Conciseness65

4.Emphasis67

5.Variety73

6.AvoidChinglish77

KeysforReference80

Chapter4DevelopingParagraphs93

1FeaturesofaParagraph93

2WaysofDevelopingaParagraph95

1.DevelopmentbyTime96

2.DevelopmentbyProcess98

3.DevelopmentbySpace101

4.DevelopmentbyExample103

5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrast106

6.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffect109

7.DevelopmentbyClassification111

KeysforReference115

Chapter5Summarizing120

1UsesofSummary-Writing120

2Procedure121

1.Reading121

2.Writing121

3.Revision122

KeysforReference125

Chapter6ComposingEssays127

1CriteriaofaGoodComposition127

2StepsinWritingaComposition128

1.PlanningaComposition128

2.WritingtheFirstDraft135

3.RevisingtheFirstDraft135

4.MakingtheFinalCopy136

3ThreeMainPartsofaComposition137

1.TheBeginning137

2TheMiddle138

3TheEnd138

4TypesofWriting138

1.Narration138

2.Exposition146

KeysforReference186

Chapter7WritingforPracticalPurposes194

1Notices194

2Greetings,GoodWishes,andFormalinvitations199

1.Greetings199

2.GoodWishes202

3.FormalInvitations203

3Notes205

1.Appointments207

2.Apologies208

3.InformalInvitations209

4.Requests209

5.Thanks210

6.Messages211

4Letters212

1.PersonalLetters212

2.BusinessLetters219

3.Envelopes228

5Resumes233

KeysforReference238

Chapter8PreparingResearchPapers257

1DefinitionandPurpose251

2Steps251

1.ChoosingaTopic251

2.CollectingInformation254

3.AnalyzingtheInformation,OrganizingIdeasandWorkingOutanOutline260

4.WritingtheFirstDraft264

5.RevisingtheDraftandFinalizingthePaper267

3Format268

1.ComponentsofaPaper268

2.UseofQuotations269

3.UseofNotes272

4.WorksCited274

4ASampleResearchPaper285

KeysforReference292

Chapter1

ManuscriptFormandPunctuation

1ManuscriptForm

1.Arrangement

WritingincorrectmanuscriptformisveryImportant.becauseitmakesiteasytoreadwhatiswrittenandpreventsmisunderstanding.Weshouldfollowthegeneralpracticesinwritingthetitle,leavingthemargins,paragraphing,capitalizing,anddi-vidingwords.

Whenwewriteanessaytobereadbytheteacher,weshouldwriteoneveryotherlinesothattherewillberoomforcorrections.Itisnecessarytoleaveamarginofabouttwocentimetersatthetopandthebottomofthepage,andoneofacentimeterandahalfontherightandleftside.Inanexercisebookthetopandbottommarginsaremarked;weneedonlytodrawaverticallinetomarktheleftmargin.

Wecannotmaketherightmarginstraightorneat,unlessweareusingacomputer,butweshouldneverwritetotheveryedgeofthepage.Whenthespaceleftneartheendofalineisnotorbarelyenoughforthewordwearegoingtowrite,weshouldwritethewordonthenextline,ordividethewordifitisalongone.Theremustbeablankspaceontherightsideofthepage.

Thetitleortopicoftheessayshouldbeplacedinthemiddleofthefirstline.Every----wordofthetitle（includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords）shouldbecapitalized,exceptarticles.prepositions,coordinatingconjunctions（and,or,but,nor,andfor）andtoininfinitives.Butifoneofthesewordsisthefirstorlastwordofthetitle,itshouldbecapitalized.Topicsaregenerallynounphrases（nounswiththeirmodifiers）,thoughotherformsarepossible.Nofullstopshouldbeusedattheendofatitle.Aquestionmarkisneededifthetopicisadirectquestion（butanindirectquestionisnotfollowedbyaquestionmark）.Thetitleofabookwithinthetopicshouldbeunder-lined（italicizedinprinting）,andthetitleofanarticleputbetweenquotationmarks.

Belowaresomeexamples:

MyImpressionsofBeijing

TheWallBetween

WhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom?

WhatTraditionsMeantotheChinese

AClean,Well-LightedPlaceDifferentViewsonJaneEyreInterpretationsofRobertFrost's"FireandIce"

Task1Capitalizethefollowingtitles.

l.whereIlive,andwhatilivedfor

2.aretransgeniccropssafe?

3.well-knowndramatistsofthemingdynasty

4.adaytoremember

5.approachestoteachingenglishasaforeignlanguage

6.criticismsontheendingofmarktwain'sadventuresofhuckleberryfinn）

Thefirstlineofeveryparagraphshouldbeindented（startedafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters）.

Arabicnumeralsaregenerallyusedforpaging.Theycanbeputeitherintheupperright-handcornerorinthemiddlebelowthelastlineofeverypage.

Alineisneverbegunwithacomma,aperiod,asemicolon,acolon,aquestionmarkoranexclamationmark;alineneverendswiththefirsthalfofapairofbrackets,quotationmarks,orparentheses.Thehyphenthatshowsawordisdividedisputattheend,notatthebeginning,ofaline.

2.WordDivision

Thefollowinghintsmaybehelpfultousinthedivisionofwords:

One-syllablewordssuchascount,healthandthoughtcannotbedivided.Wordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbedividedaccordingtotheformationofsyllables:

re'peat.ed,in-sist,punc.tual,san.dal,decline,trans-la-tion.

Astressedclosesyllableusuallytakesaconsonantwithit:

ded-i-cate,grat'i'fy,

la'bora'to'ry,fin'ish.

Aconsonantplus-leistreatedasasyllable:

min'gle,peo'ple,noble,gig'gle.

Asinglelettercannotbeputattheendoratthebeginningofaline:

e-voke,heart'y.Atwo-letterendingshouldnotbeputatthebeginningofaline:

hand-ed,hard-en.Divisionsthatmaymisleadthereadershouldbeavoided:

re'ally,lay'man.

Wordswithhyphensshouldbedividedonlyatthehyphen:

broad-minded,broken-hearted.

Two-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsinthemiddleareasaruledividedbetweenthetwoconsonants:

strug'gle,lat-ter.

Divisionofpropernamesshouldbeavoided:

Dickens,Paris.

Thelastwordofapageshouldnotbedivided.Itshouldbewrittenonthenextpage.

Divisionofwordsattheendsofseveralconsecutivelinesshouldbeavoided.

Divisionofwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenwearenotsure,weshouldconsultadictionary.Insomedictionariessyllabicationisindicatedbyadot;asintheexamplesgivenabove,inothersbyaspace:

together，summer.

3.Capitalization

Capitalizedwordsareusedmainlyinthreeplaces:

propernames,keywordsintitles,andthefirstwordsofsentences.

Commonwordsusedaspartsofpropernamesarecapitalized:

TheSummerPalaceNorthwesternUniversity

theNationalLibraryofChinatheMiddleAges

Women'sDaytheYellowRiver

Wordsderivedfrompropernamesareusuallycapitalized:

MarxistDarwinismFreudian

DickensianTaoistLatinize

Somepropernamesortheirderivativeshavebecomecommonwords:

mackintosh（araincoat;afterCharlesMacintoshwhoinventedit）

lynch（tomurderbyhanging;afterWilliamLynchwhostartedit）

quixotic（likeDonQuixote,heroofthenovelofthesamename）

Allsentences,includingsentencefragmentstreatedassentences,shouldbeginwithcapitalletters.Inthisregard,weshouldpayspecialattentiontotheuseofcapitallettersandpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences.

MissJohnsonsaid,"Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage."

"Whenyouwriteanessay,"shesaid,"youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage."

"Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage,"theteachersaid.

MissJohnsonadvisedusto"payattentiontobothcontentandlanguage"whenwewroteanessay.

Theseexamplesshow:

（1）thesubjectandverbofsayingbeforethequotationarefollowedbyacomma;

（2）acompletesentencewithinquotationmarksaftertheverbofsayingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop;

（3）ifthequotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputbetweentwopairsofquotationmarks,withthesubjectandverbofsayingplacedbetweenthem,thefirstpartendswithacomma,thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletter（unlessthefirstwordisapropername）,andthewholesentenceendswithafullstop;

（4）ifthequotedsentenceisputbeforethesubjectandverbofsaying,itendswitha